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ATWATER 


EXPERIl^ffiNTS   ON   THE  MBITABOLISM. 


Columbia  (HnitJers^ttp 

College  of  l^\)^^\tiwxsi  mt  ^urgeon£( 


Bulletin  No.  69— (lievisf-a  Kditiou) 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  ArxRICULFHRE, 

OFFICE*  OF    EXPERIMENT    STATIONwS, 

A.    C.   TRUE,    Director. 


EXPERIMENTS 


ox   THE 


METABOLISM  OF  MATTER  AND  ENERGY 
IN  THE  HUMAN  BODY. 


W.  0.  ATA\ATER,  Ph.  1).,  AND  F.  (i.  BENEDICT,  PIu  D. 

\\  ITH    THE    COOPKKATIOX    (ft  .   , 

A.  W.  SMITH,  M.  S.,  AND  A.  P.  BRYANT,  M.  8. 


WASHINGTOi^^: 

GOVERNJMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 
1890. 


LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  OFFICE  OF  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS  ON 
THE  FOOD  AND  NUTRITION  OF  MaiM.' 

charts.    Food  iiud  Diet.     By  W.  O.  Atwater.     (Four  charts.  2(5  by  10  inches.)     I'riio 

per  sot,  iininoinitcd,  7")  cents;  nionnted,  +1. 
Hill.  I'l.  Mt'tlioiis  and  Kisults  of  Investigations  on  the  Chemistry  and  Economy  of 

loud.     Hy  W.  (>.  Atwater.     Pp.  222.     Trice,  15  cents. 
Bui.  2M  (Revised  edition).  The  t'hemical  Composition  of  American  Food  Materials. 

IJy  \V.  «>.  .\twater  and  A.  1'.  Bryant.     I'p.  87.     Price,  5  cents. 
Mill.  29.  l)ietary  Stndies  at  the  University  of  Tennessee  in  18ir>.     By  0.  !K.   Wait, 

with  couuuents  by  W.  O.  Atwater  and  C.  D.  Woods.     Pp.  45.     Price,  5 

cents. 
Bui.  SI.  Dietary  Studies  at  the  ruivcrsity  of  Missouri  in  18it5,  and  Data  Relatin>![  to 

Bread  and  Meat  Consumption  in  Missouri.     By  11.  P..  Gibson,  8.  Calvert, 

and  1).  W.  May,  with  comments  by  W.  O.  Atwater  and  C.   D.   Woo<ls 

Pp.  24.     Price,  5  cents. 
Bnl.  \V2.  Dietary  Studies  at  I'nrdue  University,  Lafayette,  Ind.,  in  1895.     By  W.  K. 

Stone,  with  comments  by  W.  O.  Atwater  and  C.  D.  Woods.     Pp.  28.     Price, 

5  <  cuts. 
Bnl.  :ir>.   Food  and  Nutrition  Investigations  in  New  .Tersey  in  1895  and  1896.     liy 

E.  B.  Voorliees.     Pp.  10.     Price,  5  cents. 
Bui.  :>7.   Dietary  Studies  .it  the  Maine  State  College  in  1895.     By  W.  H.   Jordan. 

Pp.  57.     Price,  5  cents. 
Bui.  :!S.  Diitary  Studies  with  Reference  to  the  Food  of  the  Negro  in  Alabama  in 

I8!'5and  189H.     Conducted  with  the  Cooperation  of  the  Tuskegee  Normal 

and  Industrial  Institute  and  the  Agricultural  and  Meehanieal  College  ot 

Alabama.     Keported  by  W.  O.  Atwater  and  C.  D.  Woods.     l'i».  69.     Price, 

5  cents. 
Bnl.  40.  Dietary  Studies  ill  New  Mexico  in  1895.     liyA.Goss.     Pp.23.     Price,  5  cents. 
Bnl.  43.   Eos.se3  in   Boiling  Vegetables  and  the  Composition  and  Digestibility  of 

Potatoes  and  Eggs.    By  H.  Snyder,  A.  J.  Frisby,  and  A.  P.  Bryant.    Pp.  31. 

Price,  5  cents. 
I^ii!.  II.    Keport  of  Preliminary  Investigations  on  the  Metabolism  of  Nitrogen  and 

'.'arbon  in    the    Human   Organism    with   a   Resi)iration    Calorimeter   of 

Special   Construction      By   \V.   O.    Atwater,    C.   ]>.    Woods,   and    F.   0. 

Benedict.     Pp.  61.     Price,  5  cents. 
Bui.  45.  ,\  Digest  of  Metabolism  Experiments  in  which  the  Balance  of  Im  (tine  an<l 

(tntjjo  was  Determined.      Uy   W.  O.  Atwater  and  G.   F.    Lang  worthy. 

Pp.  134.    ,  Price,  2")  cents. 
Bnl.  4(1.  Di.Uary  Studies  in  New  York  City  in  1895  and  1896.     By  W.  O.  Atwater  and 

C.  D.  Woods.     Pp.  117.     Price,  10  cents. 
Bnl.  .52.  Nutrition   Investigations  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  1894-1896.     By  Isabel   Fievier. 

Pj).  18.     Price,  5  cents. 
Bui.  53.  Nutrition  Investigations  at  the  University  of  T<'nne88ee  in  1896  and  lS'.t7. 

By  C.  E.  Wait.     Pi).46.     Price,  5  cents. 
Bnl.  54.  Nutrition  Investigations  in  New  Mexico  in  1897.     By  A. (Joss.     Pp.20.     Price, 

.5  cents. 
Bnl.  .55.   Dietary  Studies  in  Chicago  in  1895  and  1896.     Conducted  with  the  Coopera 

tion  of  .lane  A<ldaiiis  and  ('aroline  L.  Hunt,  of  Hull  House.     Reported  b\ 

W.  O.  ,\.t  water  aiul  .V.  P.  Bryant.     Pp.  76.     Price,  5  cents. 
Bui.  56.   History  and  Present  Status  of  lustnictiou  in  Cooking  in  the  Public  School 

of  New  York  City,     h'eported  by  Mrs.  Louise  E.  Hogan,  with  an  iiitro 

ductioii  liy  A.  C.  True,  Ph.  I).     Pp.70.     Prict%  10  cents. 
Bui.  ti:!.   Deseri))tion  of  ;i  New  Respiration  Calorimeter  and  Experiments  on  the  Con- 
nervation  of  Energy  in  tlie  Hiiiuaa  liody.     By  W.  O.  Atwater  and  E.  B. 

Rosa.     Pp.91.     Price,  10  cents. 
Bill.  tki.    I'ho  Physiological    Ell'ect   of  (!reatiii    and   Creatinin  and  Their  Value  as 

Nutrieiils.     By  . I.  W.  Mallet.     Pp.21.     Price,  5  cents. 
''Ill   67.  Studies  on  Bread  and  Bread  Making.     By  Harry  Siwyder  and  L.  .\.  Voorhees. 

l*p.  51,     Price,  10  cents. 

l-AU.MKItS'    BUI.I.KTINS. 

Bui,  23.  Foods:  Nutritive  Valiu-  and  Cost,     By  W.  O.  .Vtwater.     Pp,  .32. 

Bill.  34.  MeatH:  Composition  and  Cooking.     By  C.  D.  Woods.     Pp.29. 

Bui.  7«.  Milk  as  Food.     Pp.39. 

Bnl.  K5.  Fish  as  Food,     By  C.  1',  Langworthy.     Pp.  30. 

Fiul.  93.  Sugar  a»  Food.     By  Mary  Hininan  Abel.     Pp.27. 


•  For  tho««>  piiblieiitiouH  to  wliieli  a  jirico  is  allixed,  a|)plic.ition  should  be  made  to 
the  Hiiperintendent  of  Documents,  L'nioii  Buihling,  Washington,  I).  C,  the  olTicer 
designated  by  Jaw  to  sell  Govi.Tiiment  publications. 


Bulletin  No.  69— (ReviBed Edition.)  302 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

OFFICE    OF    EXPERIMENT    STATIONS. 

A.    C.   TRUE,    Director. 


EXPERIMENTS 


ON   THE 


METABOLISM  OF  MATTER  AND  ENERGY 
IN  THE  HUMAN  BODY. 


BY 


W.  0.  ATWATER,  Ph.  D.,  AND  F.  d.  BENEDICT,  Ph.  D. 

WITH    THE    COOPERATION    OF 

A.  W.  SMITH,  M.  S.,  AND  A.  P.  BRYANT,  M.  S. 


washi:n^gto:n^: 

GrOVERiSrMENT    PRINTINa    OFFICE. 

1899. 


".^r 


LEHER  OF  TRAN'SMriTAL. 


N'SM 


u.  s.  departisrent  of  agriculture, 

Office  of  Experiment  Stations, 

Washington^  JJ,  C, October  i.o,  inoa. 

SiE :  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  a  report  of  six  experi- 
ments on  the  metabolism  of  matter  and  enerj>y  in  the  human  body  by 
W.  O.  Atwater,  special  agent  in  charge  of  nutrition  investigations, 
and  F.  G.  Benedict,  expert  assistant  in  the  investigations,  with  the 
cooperation  of  A.  W.  Smith  and  A.  P.  Bryant. 

These  experiments  form  a  part  of  a  series  whicli  are  in  progress  at 
Wesleyan  University,  Middletown,  Conn.,  and  were  made  with  the 
Atwater-Rosa  respiration  calorimeter  described  in  previous  bulletins  of 
this  Office  (44  and  63).  The  ulciraate  object  of  this  series  of  experiments 
is  a  study  of  the  fundamental  laws  of  nutrition.  A  necessary  prelimi- 
nary to  such  a  study  was  the  development  of  apparatus  and  methods 
for  the  accurate  measurement  of  the  income  and  outgo  of  matter  and 
energy.  As  the  experimental  data  obtained  show,  the  apparatus  and 
method  have  now  reached  a  degree  of  perfection  which  encourages  the 
hope  that  they  will  yield  results  of  the  highest  value  when  applied  to 
the  study  of  such  questions  as  the  functions  of  the  different  classes  of 
nutrients,  the  demands  of  the  body  under  different  conditions,  etc. 

An  incidental  feature  of  two  of  the  experiments  reported  was  a 
partial  study  of  the  food  value  of  alcohol  when  used  in  limited  quantities 
in  the  daily  diet.  The  study  of  this  question  was  undertaken  at  the 
instigation  of  the  Committee  of  Fifty  for  the  Investigation  of  the  Drink 
I*roblem  for  the  purpose  of  securing  more  accurate  and  scientific  knowl- 
edge of  the  physiological  action  of  alcohol.  Financial  aid  for  this 
work  was  furnished  by  the  Committee  of  Fifty,  from  the  Elizabeth 
Thompson  and  Bache  funds,  and  from  private  sources. 

Special  mention  should  be  made  of  the  valuable  assistance  rendered 
by  Messrs.  O.  S.  Blakeslee,  H.  M.  Burr,  and  O.  F.  Tower  in  the  prosecu- 
tion of  the  work  here  reported. 

The  connection  of  Prof.  E.  B.  Rosa  with  the  development  of  the 
respiration  calorimeter  and  the  investigations  made  by  its  use  is  indi- 
cated by  his  joint  authorship  with  Prof.  VV.  O.  Atwater  of  the  i)revious 
bulletin  of  this  series  (03),  which  describes  the  apparatus  in  detail  and 
sniiimarizes  the  results  of  two  of  the  experiments  reported  in  detail 
in  this  bulletin. 

The  report  is  respectfully  submitted,  with  the  recommendation  that 
it  be  published  as  Bulletin  No.  C9  (revised)  of  this  Office,  the  revision 
consisting  of  a  few  minor  <',orrections  in  figures  and  an  ex])lanation 
(p.  74)  of  the  data  obtained  in  experiment  No.  7. 

HoHpe<trully,  A.  C.  True, 

Director. 

Hon.  Jamks  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  A  (/ri culture. 
2 


'  CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Introductiou - 5 

General  plan  of  the  apparatus  and  of  the  experiments 6 

Check  experiments  to  test  the  accuracy  of  the  apparatus  and  methods 8 

The  electrical  tests 8 

The  alcohol  tests 9 

The  complete  combustion  of  alcohol 9 

The  results  of  alcohol  test  experiments 13 

Summary 16 

Experiments  with  men 17 

Plan  of  the  experiments 17 

Income  of  matter  and  energy — Food  and  drink 18 

Preparation  and  sampling  of  the  food 18 

Temperatures  of  materials  introduced  into  and  removed  from  the  res- 
piration chamber 20 

Analyses  of  food 20 

Outgo  of  matter   and  energy — Excretory  and  respiratory  products   and 

radiated  heat 20 

Intestinal  excreta 20 

Urine 21 

Perspiration  products — Elimination  of  nitrogen 24 

Respiration  products — Carbon  and  hydrogen  24 

The  determination  of  alcohol  eliminated  through  the  kidneys,  lungs, 

and  skin 26 

Measurement  of  heat  radiated  from  the  body 29 

Description  of  experiments  with  men 29 

Composition  of  food  materials,  etc.,  of  experiments  Nos.  5-10 29 

Details  of  metabolism  experiment  No.  5 31 

Experimental  data  of  income 34 

Experimental  data  of  outgo  .   34 

Computed  data  of  income  and  outgo 41 

Details  of  metabolism  experiment  No.  6 47 

Residual  carbon  dioxid  and  water — Drip  water,  or  drip 53 

Quantities  of  water  adhering  to  the  copper  walls  of  the  chamber 54 

Details  of  metabolism  experiment  No.  7 60 

Details  of  metabolism  experiment  No.  8 76 

Details  of  metabolism  experiment  No.  9 88 

Preparation  of  the  food 88 

Details  of  metabolism  experiment  No.  10 99 

3 


METABOLISM  OF  MATTER  AND  ENERGY  IN  THE 

HUMAN  BODY. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  present  report  describes  in  detail  six  of  a  series  of  experi- 
ments upon  the  metabolism  of  matter  and  energy  in  the  human  body. 
These  experiments  were  made  with  the  respiration  calorimeter  de- 
scribed in  detail  in  a  previous  bulletin,^  which  also  summarized  the 
results  of  two  of  the  six  experiments  here  described.  Four  experi- 
ments in  which  only  the  balance  of  income  and  outgo  of  matter  was 
determined  were  previously  made  with  this  apparatus,  or,  more  accu- 
rately speaking,  that  portion  of  it  which  is  properly  called  a  respiration 
apparatus,  and  reported  in  Bulletin  44  of  this  Office. 

The  ultimate  purpose  of  the  research  to  which  these  experiments 
belong  is  the  study  of  some  of  the  fundamental  laws  of  nutrition. 
The  plan  of  the  whole  inquiry  is  based  upon  the  principle  that  the 
chemical  and  physical  changes  which  take  place  within  the  body,  and 
to  which  the  general  term  ''metabolism"  is  applied,  occur  in  obedience 
to  the  laws  of  the  conservation  of  matter  and  energy.  That  the  law  of 
the  conservation  of  matter  applies  within  the  living  organism  no  one 
would  question.  It  might  seem  equally  certain  that  the  metabolism  of 
energy  within  the  body  takes  place  in  accordance  with  the  law  of  the 
conservation  of  energy.  The  quantitative  demonstration  is,  however, 
desirable,  and  an  attested  method  for  such  demonstration  is  of  funda- 
mental importance  for  the  study  of  the  general  laws  of  metabolism  of 
both  matter  and  energy. 

Accordingly  the  more  immediate  object  of  the  present  inquiry  has 
been  to  develop  an  apparatus  and  method  of  inquiry  by  which  the 
metabolism  of  both  matter  and  energy  in  the  body  could  be  quanti- 
tatively measured  and  the  action  of  the  law  of  the  conservation  of 
energy  demonstrated,  if  practicable.  It  was  believed  that  if  this  first 
object  could  be  accomplished,  at  least  within  reasonable  limits,  it  would 
be  possible  to  devise  and  carry  out  experiments  for  the  satisfactory 
study  of  a  number  of  important  questions,  including  among  others  the 
functions  of  the  several  classes  of  nutrients  of  food  and  the  demands 
of  the  body  under  the  different  conditions.^ 

'U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  6.3.  See  also  Bnl.  44  of  the 
same  office  and  account  of  the  apparatus  as  a  calorimeter  and  of  the  results  of 
experiments  in  Storrs  (Conn.)  Sta.  Rpt.  1897,  p.  212. 

-For  further  statements  upon  this  subject  see  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experi- 
ment Stations  Bui.  63,  pp.  7-12,  and  Bui.  21  of  the  same  office,  pp.  99-135.  For  a 
discussion  of  the  sources  of  error  in  these  experiments  see  Bui.  63,  just  mentioned, 
pp.  90-94. 

5 


We  need  to  know  more  than  we  do  at  present  of  the  ways  in  which 
llic  different  materials  are  used  in  the  body  for  the  building  or  repair 
of  tissue,  or  the  yielding  of  energy.  It  is  desirable  to  learn  whether  in 
their  service  as  fuel  to  supply  the  body  with  muscular  power  and  heat 
their  physiological  value  is  or  is  not  equal  to  their  calorimetric  value. 
To  put  it  in  another  way,  we  need  to  learn  not  only  whether  the  total 
energy  of  different  food  materials  is  transferred  into  kinetic  energy  in 
the  body,  but  also  under  what  circumstances  and  to  what  extent  the 
body  avails  itself  of  that  energy.  To  this  end  it  is  desirable  to  experi- 
ment with  as  large  a  variety  of  materials  as  possible,  including  com- 
mon forms  of  i)roteids,  fats,  sugars,  and  starches. 

The  experiments  here  reported  give  data  bearing  upon  the  metabo- 
lism of  matter  and  energy,  the  conservation  of  energy,  and  the  action 
of  the  ordinary  nutrients  of  food  in  the  body.  They  thus  bear  upon  all 
of  the  subjects  just  indicated. 

In  addition  to  this  some  studies  of  the  nutritive  action  of  alcohol 
were  made  at  the  instigation  of  the  Committee  of  Fifty  for  the  Investi- 
gation of  the  Drink  Problem.  The  committee  wished  more  accurate 
and  scientific  information  concerning  the  i^hysiological  action  of  alcohol 
than  has  been  hitherto  possible  to  obtain.  To  this  end  a  considerable 
sum  has  been  devoted  by  the  committee  from  its  own  treasury  for  the 
prosecution  of  these  experiments.  This  sum  has  been  supplemented 
by  other  gitts  from  private  sources  and  also  by  appropriations  from 
the  Elizabeth  Thoini)son  and  Bache  funds.  The  same  laboratory 
privileges  which  have  been  extended  by  Wesleyan  University  to  the 
general  nutrition  investigations  conducted  at  that  institution  under 
the  auspi(;es  of  the  TJ.  S,  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  Storrs 
Experiment  Station  have  been  extended  to  this  special  investigation. 
By  a  fortunate  cooperation  of  the  several  agencies  named  a  consid- 
erable amount  of  inquiry  has  been  jmssible.  Although  this  alcohol 
investigation  has  been  conducted  with  funds  which  were  not  supplied 
by  the  Department,  it  is  entirely  fitting  that  the  details  of  the  investi- 
gation, so  far  as  it  is  of  si)e('ial  interest  in  connection  with  the  laws  of 
nutrition,  shouhl  l)e  published  in  connection  with  the  other  metabo- 
lism ex])eriments  of  this  series.  They  are,  accordingly,  included  in 
the  Keri<*s  herewith  reported.  Exi)eriinents  Nos.  7  and  10  are  so  called 
alcohol  experiments — that  is  to  say,  the  daily  menu  in  each  of  these 
experiments  inchub'd  a  ceitain  amount  of  alcohol  which  replaced  an 
iHodynamic  amount  of  fats,  sugars,  and  starches.  In  some  of  the  later 
experimentH,  not  rei>orted  here,  it  has  likewise  rei)laced  the  equivalent 
sugar,  starch,  and  fat,  an<l  in  still  others  it  has  been  added  to  the 
nutrients  of  an  «)ther\vise  (ln])]icate  e\]»eriment. 

GENERAL  PLAN  OF  THE  APPARATUS  AND  OF  THE  EXPERIMENTS, 

The  name  "respiration  calorimeter"  as  applied  to  the  api)aratns 
nsed  in  these  exj)erimentH  is  suggested  by  the  tact  that  it  is  essentially 
a   respiration    apparatus,   with    a])pliances    for   (calorimetric   measure- 


ments.  As  a  respiration  apparatus  it  is  similar  to  that  of  Pettenkofer. 
As  an  instrument  for  measuring  heat  it  is  essentially  a  calorimeter. 
The  heat  is  absorbed  and  carried  away  by  a  current  of  water  as  rapidly 
as  it  is  generated  in  the  chamber.  It  is  therefore  a  water  calorimeter. 
The  arrangements  for  the  measurement  of  both  the  respiratory  products 
and  the  heat  given  off  by  the  body  differ  in  important  respects  from 
those  of  any  other  apparatus  with  which  we  are  familiar.  The  essen- 
tial features  of  the  apparatus  are : 

(1)  A  chamber  in  which  the  subject  of  the  experiment — a  man — lives, 
eats,  drinks,  sleeps,  and  works  during  a  period  of  several  days  and 
nights.  The  chamber  is  2.15  meters  (7  feet)  long,  1.22  meters  (4  feet) 
wide,  and  1.92  meters  (6  feet  4  inches)  high.  It  is  furnished  with  a 
folding  chair,  table,  and  bed. 

(2)  Arrangements  for  ventilation  by  means  of  a  current  of  air  which 
is  drawn  from  out  of  doors  and  passes  through  the  chamber.  The 
ventilating  current  of  air  is  maintained,  its  volume  is  measured,  and 
samples  are  taken  for  analysis  by  a  specially  devised  apparatus  desig- 
nated as  a  meter  pump.  The  temperature  of  the  air  current  is  measured 
and  so  regulated  as  to  be  the  same  on  entering  the  chamber  as  upon 
leaving  it.  The  samples  for  analysis  are  taken  before  it  enters  and 
after  it  leaves  the  chamber.  The  results  of  the  analyses,  with  the  vol- 
ume as  measured,  serve  as  data  for  computing  the  amounts  of  carbon 
dioxid  and  water  given  off  from  the  body  through  the  lungs  and  skin. 

(3)  Arrangements  for  passing  the  food  and  drink  into  the  chamber 
and  removing  the  solid  and  liquid  excreta.  Weighings  and  analyses 
of  these  materials,  including  determinations  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  and 
hydrogen,  give  data  for  calculating  the  income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen; 
and,  taken  in  connection  with  the  determinations  of  carbon  dioxid  and 
water  in  the  respiratory  products,  show  the  income  and  outgo  of  carbon 
and  hydrogen  of  the  body.  The  analyses  of  the  food  and  solid  and 
liquid  excreta  include  also  determinations  of  proximate  ingredients,  and 
thus  serve  for  determining  the  so-called  digestibility  of  the  food,  i.  e., 
the  proportions  of  nutrients  actually  made  available. 

(4)  Arrangements  for  measuring  the  heat  given  off  from  the  body  of 
the  man  in  the  chamber,  and  the  heat  equivalent  of  the  muscular  work 
done.  The  heat  given  off  is  carried  away  by  a  current  of  cold  water, 
which  passes  through  a  series  of  pipes,  called  absorbers,  inside  the 
chamber.  By  regulating  the  temperature  of  the  water  as  it  enters,  and 
also  its  rate  of  flow  through  the  pipes,  it  is  possible  to  carry  away  the 
heat  just  as  fast  as  it  is  generated,  and  thus  maintain  a  constant  tem- 
perature inside  the  chamber.  The  amount  of  outgoing  water  and  its 
increase  of  temperature  are  measured,  thus  determining  the  amount  of 
heat  carried  away. 

In  order  that  the  heat  taken  up  and  carried  out  by  the  cold  water 
passing  through  the  absorbers  shall  represent  exactly  the  amount  given 
off  from  the  man's  body  or  otherwise  produced  in  the  chamber,  it  is 
necessary  to  provide  that  there  shall  be  no  passage  of  heat  through  the 


8 

walls  of  the  calorimeter,  or  rather  that  the  small  quantities  that  pass 
in  and  out  shall  exactly  counterbalance  each  other;  and  that  the  ven- 
tilating current  of  air  shall  leave  the  chamber  at  the  same  tempera- 
ture as  it  enters,  so  that  it  shall  carry  out  neither  more  nor  less  heat 
than  it  brings  in.  The  special  apparatus  and  methods  for  accomplish- 
ing these  two  objects  are  described  in  detail  in  a  previous  bulletin.^ 

The  excess  of  water  vapor  in  the  air  leaving  the  chamber  over  that 
in  the  air  entering  represents  the  water  given  off  from  the  body  of  the 
subject,  and  the  heat  required  to  vaporize  it  must  be  added  to  the  heat 
carried  off  by  the  current  of  water  to  obtain  a  true  measure  of  the  total 
heat  given  off'  by  the  subject. 

The  heats  of  combustion  of  the  food  and  of  the  unoxidized  compounds 
of  the  feces  and  of  the  urine  are  determined  by  use  of  a  bomb  calorim- 
eter.^ These  data  with  those  for  heat  given  off  in  the  chamber,  allow- 
ance being  made  for  temperature  of  food  and  drink  passed  in  and  excre- 
tory products  passed  out  of  the  chamber,  serve  for  computing  the 
income  and  outgo  of  energy  of  the  body. 

CHECK  EXPERIMENTS  TO  TEST  THE  ACCURACY  OF  THE  APPARATUS 

AND  METHODS. 

In  order  to  test  the  accuracy  of  the  apparatus  as  a  calorimeter  and 
the  methods  for  determining  the  income  and  outgo  of  matter,  two 
series  of  ex[)eriments  were  made.  For  the  details  of  the  experiments 
and  the  explanations  of  the  methods  employed  reference  may  be  made 
to  the  detailed  description  referred  to  above.^  In  the  first  series  a 
known  amount  of  heat  was  generated  within  the  chamber  by  means  of 
an  electric  current.  In  the  second  series  alcohol  was  burned  within 
the  chamber,  thus  producing  not  only  a  known  amount  of  heat  but  at 
the  same  time  a  known  quantity  of  carbon  dioxid  and  M^ater. 

THE  ELECTRICAL  TESTS. 

The  tests  were  made  by  passing  an  electric  current  through  a  resist- 
ance coil  placed  within  the  chamber,  the  voltage  at  each  end  of  the  corl 
and  the  current  passing  through  the  coil  being  measured.  These,  with 
the  time  during  which  the  current  was  maintained,  gave  data  for  the 
computation  of  the  amount  of  total  heat  generated  within  the  chamber. 
The  heat  given  off  was  measured  in  the  manner  already  indicated  by 
determining  the  increase  in  temperature  of  a  known  amount  of  water 
jjassing  througli  the  chamber.  The  agreement  of  these  two  quantities 
was  taken  as  the  test  of  the  accuracy  of  the  apparatus  as  a  calorimeter. 
Five  tests  in  all  have  been  made.  The  results  are  summarized  in  the 
following  table.    The  total  heat,  as  measured  by  the  water  current, 


'U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bnl,  63. 

*U.  S.  Dopt.  Apr.,  Office  of  J"x])eriment  StatioiiB  Bnl.  21,  and  Storrs  (Conn.)  Sta. 
Kpt«.  1894  and  18!>7. 
*U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  63. 


differed  from  the  theoretical  amount  (generated  in  the  chamber)  in  all 
cases  by  less  than  0.5  per  cent  of  the  latter.  In  the  average  of  all  the 
tests  made  the  two  amounts  are  practically  Identical. 

Table  1. — Summary  of  electrical  tests. 


Test 
Ko. 


Date. 


Duration. 


1897.  Hour*. 

March  20 13^ 

March  25 '  6 

March  26 7J 

April  30 6 

Total,  4  tests 32f 

1898.  I 
January  8 

Total,  5  tests 36f 


2,  785.  8 


230.5 


3,  016.  3 


Heat  measured. 


Calories. 

992.9 

522.1 

1,  250. 9 

21.4 


Per  cent. 

100.  39 

100 
99.75 
99.54 


2, 787.  3 


229.4 


100.  06 


3, 016.  7  100.  01 


THE  ALCOHOL  TESTS. 

The  conditions  in  the  above  tests  differed  from  those  which  obtain  in 
actual  experiments  with  men  in  that  there  was  no  ventilating  current 
of  air  passing  through  the  chamber  and  no  carbon  dioxid  or  water  was 
given  oft"  within  it.  The  crucial  test  of  the  accuracy  of  the  apparatus 
and  methods  must  be  made  under  circumstances  closely  similar  to  those 
of  the  actual  experiments. 

In  the  burning  of  ethyl  alcohol  in  air,  carbon  dioxid,  water,  and  heat 
are  produced.  If  known  quantities  of  alcohol  be  burned  inside  the 
chamber  while  a  current  of  air  is  passing  through,  the  conditions 
approach  very  closely  to  those  of  the  experiment  with  man.  To  make 
such  experiments  reliable  as  tests  of  the  accuracy  of  the  apparatus 
and  methods,  the  combustion  of  the  alcohol  must  be  complete  and  the 
amount  burned  must  be  exactly  known. 

THE  COMPLETE  COMBUSTION  OF  ALCOHOL. 

Previous  to  the  selection  of  alcohol  as  the  material  to  be  burned  as  a 
means  of  generating  known  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid,  water,  and 
heat,  several  other  substances  were  tried,  the  object  being  to  find  one 
which  could  readily  be  obtained  in  a  high  state  of  purity,  and  could 
without  difficulty  be  completely  oxidized  in  the  chamber.  The  use  of 
stearine  candles,  so  often  resorted  to  by  previous  experimenters,  had 
been  shown  to  be  objectionable  because  of  the  incomplete  oxidation  of 
the  gases  of  combustion  formed,  if  for  no  other  reason. 

Several  experiments  in  this  direction  were  made  with  benzene,  ether, 
and  ethyl  alcohol,  each  of  which  is  readily  obtained  in  sufficiently  pure 
form.  In  order  to  avoid  the  use  of  a  wick  an  attempt  was  made  to 
convert  the  substances  into  a  fine  spray  and  thus  secure  the  presence 
of  a  large  amount  of  air  in  the  vapor  undergoing  combustion.  It  was 
easy  to  produce  a  fine  spray  but  the  oxidation  was  incomplete,  as  was 


10 

shown  by  the  sooty  flames  and  odors.  An  attempt  was  made  to  secure 
a  wick  Iree  from  carbon  by  tbe  use  of  asbestus,  but  owing  to  the  poor 
capillarity  of  the  latter  a  constant  rate  of  combustion  could  not  be 
maintained.  Various  nioditications  of  tlie  method  by  the  use  of  asbestus 
were  tried,  but  without  success.  Hither  the  rate  of  combustion  could 
not  be  regulated  or  the  oxidation  was  not  complete. 

The  method  of  securing  the  com])lete  combustion  of  ethyl  alcohol, 
which  proved  most  satisfactory  and  was  afterwards  used  in  the  alcohol 
tests  of  the  accuracy  of  the  measurements  of  carbon  dioxid,  water, 
and  heat  in  the  calorimeter,  was  as  follows: 

The  essential  feature  of  the  Hame  was  a  central  draft  of  air.  To 
secure  this  an  ordinary  small  kerosene  lamp  with  an  Argand  burner 
and  chimnej' was  found  very  satisfactory;  that  is  to  say,  the  alcohol 
was  used  in  this  simple  lamp  in  exactly  the  same  way  that  kerosene 
would  be  burned.  The  liame  of  tlie  burning  alcohol  was  nonluminous, 
but  it  still  remained  to  show  conclusively  thai,  there  was  no  trace  of 
unoxidized  material  in  tlie  vapors  Irom  the  burning  alcohol.  If  the 
supi)ly  of  oxygen  is  insuflicient,  several  i)roducts  are,  at  least  theoret- 
ically, capable  of  being  formed.  Such  products  are  carbon  monoxid, 
aldehyde,  acetic  acid,  and  hydrocarbons. 

In  or<ler  to  test  for  these  corni)ounds,  it  is  first  necessary  to  free  them 
from  the  carbon  dioxid  and  water — that  is,  from  tlie  produ(;ts  of  com- 
plete combustion  of  the  burning  alcohol.  For  this  purpose  the  lamp  in 
which  the  alcohol  was  burning  was  placed  under  an  inverted  funnel, 
the  stem  of  which  was  sealed  to  a  glass  tube  connected  with  a  system 
of  tul)es  and  solutions  lor  the  removal  of  diflereut  combustion  ])roducts 
from  the  air.  A  strong  suction  from  a  water  pump  maintained  a  cur- 
r«'nt  of  air  througli  tlie  whole  system,  so  that  a  large  proportion, 
assumed  to  be  nearly  all,  of  the  jiroducts  of  combustion  were  drawn  in 
and  through  the  apparatus  along  with  some  of  the  air  from  the  room. 
The  current  thus  i)assing  in  at  the  inverted  funnel  was  first  drawn 
through  bottles  containing  a  saturated  solution  of  caustic  potash,  which 
sufficed  for  the  removal  of  ])ractically  all  the  carbon  dioxid  and  water, 
as  well  as  volatile  li(|uids  formed  from  the  incomplete  combustion  of  the 
alcoliol.  Tests  for  su(;h  substances  were  subsequently  made  by  another 
method.  For  the  removal  of  the  last  traces  of  carbon  dioxid,  soda 
lime  contained  in  Utnbes,  was  (•mi)loyed.  A  clear  solution  of  barium 
hydroxi<l  inserfe«l  in  the  system  showed  that  the  removal  of  carbon 
dioxid  was  (•oiii])lete. 

(Jaseous  hydroiarbons  and  carbon  monoxid  that  might  have  been 
formed  by  incom]>let('!  oxidation  of  the  alcohol  are  practically  insoluble 
in  caustic  jKitasli  solution,  and  their  ju-esencM'  in  the  air  current  freed 
from  carbon  dioxid  is  <'asily  established  by  passing  the  air  through  a. 
short  combustion  tube  containing  granulated  cupric  oxid  heated  to  red 
nesH,  and  finally  throiigli  a  solution  of  barium  liydroxid.  In  this  way 
any  incompletely  oxidized  gas  would  be  oxidized  to  carbon  dioxid, 
which  wouhl  proihn-e,  a  turbidity  or  j»recipitate  in  this  latter  solution. 


11 

A  preliminary  test  was  made  by  drawing  ordinary  room  air  through 
the  apparatus  in  order  to  demonstrate  the  absence  of  any  hydrocarbons 
or  carbon  monoxid.  The  barium  hydroxid  solution  remained  clear. 
The  alcolio!  lamp  previously  described  was  then  placed  under  the  funnel 
of  the  apparatus  and  lighted.  The  flame  of  the  burning  alcohol  was 
nonlnminous.  Two  hundred  grams  of  90  per  cent  alcohol  was  burned 
at  the  rate  of  about  1  gram  in  two  minutes.  At  the  end  of  this  period 
of  nearly  seven  hours  there  was  no  cloudiness  in  the  barium  hydroxid 
solution,  indicating  that  no  products  of  incomplete  combustion  had 
passed  the  potassium  hydroxid  solution. 

While  such  a  test  as  that  just  described  indicates  that  no  gaseous 
products  of  incomplete  combustion  are  formed  when  alcohol  is  burned 
in  a  lamp  supplied  with  an  Argand  burner,  provided  tlie  flame  is  non- 
luminous,  it  is  possible  that  a  considerable  amount  of  liquid  products 
might  be  formed,  and  even  a  trace  of  alcohol  might  be  volatilized 
unburned. 

In  order  to  determine  whether  such  compounds  of  incomplete  oxida- 
tion were  present,  a  second  test  was  made,  in  which  the  products  of 
combustion  resulting  from  the  burning  of  500  grams  of  alcohol  were 
passed  through  two  flasks  surrounded  by  a  freezing  mixture  of  salt  and 
ice  to  condense  all  volatile  nongaseous  products.  The  condensed  com- 
pounds, amounting  to  150  cubic  centimeters,  were  carefully  tested  for 
alcohol  and  for  carbonaceous  matter  of  any  kind.  A  very  delicate  and 
easily  applied  test  for  small  quantities  of  alcohol  has  been  devised  by 
E.  W.  Davy.'  A  few  drops  of  the  liquid  supposed  to  contain  alcohol 
is  added  to  a  solution  of  one  part  molybdic  acid  in  ten  parts  of  strong 
sulphuric  acid  and  the  whole  gently  warmed  in  a  porcelain  capsule. 
If  alcohol  is  ])resent,  a  blue  coloration  apjjears  immediately  or  after  a 
few  moments,  even  when  the  solution  contains  no  more  than  0,1  per 
cent  of  alcohol. 

Before  applying  this  test  to  the  condensed  products  of  the  combus- 
tion of  alcohol  the  liquid  was  first  subjected  to  two  fractional  distillations, 
thereby  concentrating  the  volatile  products,  if  such  existed,  to  about 
15  cubic  centimeters.  A  few  drops  of  this  distillate  was  tested  in  the 
manner  just  indicated,  but  the  entire  absence  of  any  blue  coloration  in 
the  molybdic  solution  implied  the  absence  of  alcohol.  The  delicacy  of 
the  test  was  verified  by  means  of  a  very  weak  alcoholic  solution  of 
known  strength.  Since  the  test  is  sufficiently  delicate  to  show  the 
presence  of  even  0.1  per  cent  of  alcohol  in  a  solution,  it  is  evident  that 
there  could  not  have  been  as  much  as  15  milligrams  of  alcohol  in  the 
condensed  i)roducts  of  the  combustion  of  500  grams  of  alcohol.  In 
other  words,  if  any  were  present,  there  must  have  been  less  than  3  parts 
in  100,000. 

It  remained,  however,  to  show  the  absence  of  any  organic  matter  in 
the  condensed  liquid.  Accordingly  air  freed  from  all  traces  of  carbon 
dioxid  was  passed  over  the  remaining  portion  of  the  distillate  and  the 

'Allen,  Commercial  Organic  Analysis,  2.  ed.,  Vol.  I,  p.  59. 


12 

vapors  passed  over  hot  cupric  oxid,  as  in  the  first  test.  The  air  was 
then  drawn  through  a  tube  containing-  barium  hydroxid,  but  no  carbon 
dioxid  was  found. 

Such  tests  seemed  to  show  conclusively  that  there  could  be  no  products 
of  incomplete  combustion  in  the  burning  of  alcohol  according  to  this 
method. 

As  a  final  check  on  the  accuracy  and  delicacy  of  these  methods,  one 
arop  of  00  per  cent  alcohol,  or  about  one-twentieth  cubic  centimeter, 
was  mixed  with  400  cubic  centimeters  of  water  and  the  whole  placed 
in  a  freezing  mixture  until  all  but  about  30  cubic  centimeters  had  solidi- 
fied. This  liquid  was  then  poured  off  and  tested  for  alcohol  by  means 
of  the  molybdic-acid  solution  above  described.  A  very  distinct  blue 
coloration  was  obtained.  A  part  of  the  remainder  of  this  extremely 
dilute  alcohol  solution  was  then  tested  for  carbon  in  the  same  manner 
as  was  employed  with  the  condensed  vapors  from  the  burning  alcohol, 
namely,  by  passing  a  current  of  the  carbon  dioxid  free  air  over  it  and 
through  the  combustion  tube  with  hot  cupric  acid,  and  finally  through 
barium  hydroxid  solution.  There  was  a  marked  cloudiness  and  white 
precipitate  in  the  tube  containing  barium  hydroxid.  This  shows 
that  approximately  1  part  of  alcohol  in  8,000  parts  of  water  can  be 
detected,  and  it  is  probable  that  alcohol  and  other  organic  compounds 
could  be  detected  in  a  still  more  dilute  solution. 

That  is  to  say,  a  solution  of  one  drop,  or  about  50  milligrams  of  alco- 
hol in  400  cubic  centimeters  of  water  was  frozen  until  only  30  cubic  cen- 
timeters remained  in  liquid  form.  A  portion  of  this  unfrozen  liquid 
revealed  tlie  presence  of  alcohol  by  the  molybdic-acid  test.  The 
remainder  of  this  liquid  was  evaporated  in  a  current  of  carbon-dioxid- 
free  air  which  was  passed  over  copper  oxid  in  a  combustion  tube  and 
then  through  a  barium  hydroxid  solution.  Tlie  precipitate  in  the  latter 
solution  showed  the  presence  of  organic  material  in  the  liquid.  This 
test  indicated  that  the  method  could  be  used  as  a  test  for  minute  quan- 
tities of  alcohol  in  a  liquid.  The  inference  is  that  any  other  organic 
comi)ound,  such  as  acetic  acid  or  aldehyde,  that  might  be  contained  in 
the  liquid  evaporated  in  the  current  of  air  would  have  been  oxidized  in 
the  combustion  tube,  and  that  its  carbon  would  have  appeared  as  barium 
carbonate  in  the  barium  liydroxid  solution. 

The  products  of  combuvstion  of  alcohol  in  the  lamp  were  cooled  by  a 
similar  freezing  mixture.  The  resulting  liquid  was  concentrated  to  a 
small  bulk  by  fractional  distillation.  A  portion  of  this  distillate  was 
tested  by  molybdic  acid  solution,  but  gave  no  reaction  for  alcohol.  The 
remainder  was  evaporated  in  a  current  of  carbon-dioxid-free  air  and 
])asse(l  over  lirated  copper  oxid  and  through  barium  hydroxid  solution, 
but  gave  no  reaction  for  carbon.  This  negative  test,  taken  in  connec- 
tion with  the  previous  one  for  the  i)resence  of  gaseous  products  of 
inc()iii]>lete  combustion  of  alcohol,  which  was  also  negative,  implied  the 
absence  of  any  considciabic  amount  of  incompletely  oxidized  products 
of  combustion  when  the  alcohol  was  burned  in  the  lamp. 


13 

These  tests  appear  to  prove  that,  if  the  combustion  of  alcohol  in  this 
form  of  lamp  is  not  complete,  the  products  of  incomplete  combustion  are 
so  extremely  small  that  they  would  affect  the  results,  when  alcohol  is 
burned  in  the  calorimeter  for  the  production  of  a  known  amount  of 
carbon  dioxid,  water,  and  heat,  by  less  than  0.01  per  cent,  a  value  far 
within  the  limits  of  experimental  error. 

THE  RESULTS  OF  ALCOHOL  TEST  EXPERIMENTS. 

In  the  detailed  description  of  these  experiments  in  the  previous  bul- 
letin it  was  explained  that  ethyl  alcohol  of  about  90  per  cent  was  used. 
The  theoretical  quantities  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  which  would  be 
produced  by  its  combustion  were  computed  from  the  known  composi- 
tion of  ethyl  alcohol  and  water  and  the  amounts  of  these  materials  in 
the  alcohol  actually  used.  The  heat  of  combustion  was  determined  by 
burning  specimens  of  the  alcohol  with  oxygen  in  the  bomb  calorimeter 
above  referred  to.  Different  determinations  of  the  heat  of  combustion 
made  by  this  apparatus  agreed  with  tolerable  closeness.  The  aver- 
age of  the  results  was  not  far  from  that  obtained  by  Berthelot.  We 
can  hardly  believe  that  the  heats  of  combustion  as  thus  determined 
were  very  far  out  of  the  way.' 

In  the  test  experiments  the  alcohol  was  burned  inside  the  respiration 
chamber  by  use  of  the  lamp  above  described.  The  general  method  of 
conducting  the  experiments  was  the  same  as  followed  in  the  metabolism 
experiments  with  a  man  inside  the  chamber. 

These  tests  were  made  from  time  to  time  during  the  progress  of  the 
metabolism  experiments  described  beyond.  Table  2  summarizes  the 
final  results  of  nine  experiments  thus  made. 

Table  2. — Summary  of  nine  alcohol  test  experiments  tvifh  respiration  calorimeter. 


Date. 


1897. 

April  27-29 

May  10-11 

May  26-27 

October  27-28 

November  2-3 

December  2 

1898. 

January  6 

January  24-27 

May  9  

Totala 


Duration. 


Hrs.  min. 
52  31 
29 
33 
34 
35 
11 


Alcohol 
burned. 


Orams. 
955.4 
798.8 
505.4 
797.7 
788.2 
245.3 

112.2 

1, 607. 8 

699.7 


Carbon  dioxid. 


Required. 


Orams. 
1, 657. 2 
1, 385. 6 

876.7 
1,  384. 8 
1,365.1 

423.1 

193.5 
2, 784. 4 
1, 206.  9 


9, 892.  5 


Found. 


Orams. 
1,  657.  6 
1,  384. 4 

887.8 
1, 335. 7 
1,  376. 7 

417.6 

193.5 
2, 769.  7 
1,198.9 


Ratio  of 
amount 
found  to 
amount 
required. 


9, 886. 2 


Per  cent. 
100.0 

99.9 
101.3 
[96. 6] 
100.8 

98.6 

100.0 
99.5 
99.4 


99. 


a  Omitting  the  carbon  diosid  and  water  in  test  No.  4  and  the  water  in  test  No.  3. 


'  For  detailed  results  see  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  63. 


14 


Table  '2.—SumnMry  of  nine  alcohol  teat  experiments  rvith  respiration  calorimeter — Cont'd. 


Date. 


1897. 


Duration, 


Alcohol 
barned. 


Hra.  min.    Gramn 


AprU  27-29  ... 
May  10-11  .... 
May2e-27  .... 
October  27-28 . 
November  2-3. 
December  2 . . . 


52 

31 

955.4 

29 

56 

798.8 

33 

50 

505.4 

34 

33 

797.7 

35 

09 

788.2 

11 

39 

245.3 

"Water. 


7  Janaary  (> 

8  January  24-27. 

9  I  MayO 

Total '  . . 


5  50  ,  112.2 
77  57  1,607.8 
35    55  699.7 


Required. 

Found. 

Orams. 

Gramts. 

1, 106. 1 

1, 109. 7 

924.8 

925.0 

585.1 

627.9 

925.7 

1,007.9 

912.3 

920.8 

283.7 

287.5 

129.8 

131.3 

1, 860.  8 

1,881.6 

809.3 

807.9 

6,026.8 

6,063.8 

Ratio  of 
amount 
found  to 
amount 
required. 

Per  cent. 
100. 3 
100.0 
[107.3] 
[108.8] 
100.9 
101.3 


101.2 
101.1 
99.8 


100.6 


7  January  0 

8  January-  24-27 

9  Mav9 


Total 


5  50 
77  57 
35    55 


317    20 


112.2  715.7 

1, 607. 8     10,  294. 7 

099.7  I    4,463.4 


41, 702. 8 


731.1 
10,268.5 
4, 466. 0 


102. 15 
99.74 
100.  05 


41, 675.  4 


99.93 


'  Omitting  the  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  test  Ko.  4  and  the  water  in  test  No.  3. 

TbeHe  experiments  include  all  which  were  carried  on  up  to  the  close 
of  tho.se  witli  man  tabulated  beyond,  with  the  exception  of  one  or  two 
which  were  ko  vitiated  by  accident  as  not  to  be  completed. 

The  first  of  the  tests  reported  was  made  the  latter  part  of  Ai)ril, 
1807,  immediately  before  metabolism  experiment  No.  5.  Immediately 
pre<e<ling  experiment  No.  <J  a  second  alcohol  test  was  made,  and  pre- 
ceding No.  7  the  third  test  was  carried  on.  This  ended  the  experiment- 
ing until  the  fall  of  1897,  when  test  No.  4  was  made.  The  determinations 
of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  this  latter  test  were  not  satisfactory, 
and  a  fifth  test  wa.s  made,  in  whi(;h  the  agreement  of  the  determinations 
of  carbon  dioxi<l,  water,  and  heat  actually  measured,  with  the  theo- 
retical quantities  prochuMjd  by  the  combustion  of  the  alcohol,  was  very 
satisfactory.     Metabolism  experiment  No,  8  immediately  followed  this 


15 

test.  The  sixth  tilcohol  test  experiment  was  made  in  the  early  part  of 
December,  1897,  but  as  the  plans  for  the  following  metabolism  experi- 
ment were  delayed,  another  test  of  short  duration,  No.  7,  was  carried 
on  immediately  preceding  metabolism  experiment  No.  9.  The  agreement 
of  theoretical  quantities  with  those  actually  found  was  again  very  sat- 
isfactory. In  the  latter  part  of  January,  1898,  the  eighth  alcohol  test 
experiment  was  made,  following  which  came  metabolism  experiments 
N"os.  10,  11,  and  12,  with  no  intervening  alcohol  check  experiments. 

Between  metabolism  experiments  Nos.  10  and  11,  however,  that 
portion  of  the  heat-measuring  apparatus  which  has  to  do  with  pre- 
venting any  loss  or  gain  of  heat  by  its  passage  through  the  metal 
walls  of  the  chamber  was  tested  to  insure  its  accuracy.  In  this  test 
there  was  no  current  of  water  flowing  through  the  absorbers,  nor  was 
the  ventilating  air  current  maintained.  The  thermal  junction  circuit 
between  the  copper  and  zinc  walls  was  kept  constant,  i.  e.,  at  zero 
deflection,  by  regulating  the  temperature  of  the  air  immediately  sur- 
rounding the  ©uter  (zinc)  wall  in  the  usual  way.'  The  temperature  of 
the  interior  of  the  chamber  under  these  circumstances  remained  con- 
stant during  the  whole  period,  six  hours,  of  the  test.  This  implies  that 
the  variations  in  the  temperature  of  the  air  of  the  room  outside  the 
calorimeter  were  without  effect  upon  the  temperature  of  the  interior  of 
the  chamber.  This  is  equivalent  to  saying  that  no  more  heat  passed 
through  the  walls  in  one  direction  than  in  tlie  other.  In  order  that  this 
should  be  the  case  the  mean  temperature  of  the  copper  and  zinc  walls 
must  have  been  the  same.  The  zero  deflection  corresponds  to  this 
equality  of  temperature.  The  inference  is,  therefore,  that  the  thermal 
circuit  was  in  good  order.  The  alcohol  test  experiment  No.  9,  after 
metabolism  experiment  No.  12,  gave  results  closely  agreeing  with  the 
theoretical,  thus  showing  the  apparatus  to  be  in  good  order.  Since, 
therefore,  the  whole  apparatus  was  in  good  order  before  metabolism 
experiment  No.  10  and  after  metabolism  experiment  No.  12,  and  the 
special  test  between  Nos.  10  and  11  implied  that  the  thermal  junctions 
were  in  order,  it  seems  fair  to  assume  that  the  results  of  exijeriments 
Nos.  10,  11,  and  12  are  reliable  so  far  as  the  condition  of  the  apparatus 
was  concerned. 

These  individual  test  experiments  continued  from  five  to  seventy- 
eight  hours  each.  The  total  time  was  three  hundred  and  seventeen 
hours.  The  rate  of  the  burning  of  the  alcohol  ranged  from  10  to  27 
grams  per  hour,  and  the  strength  of  the  alcohol  from  90.21  to  90.63  per 
cent  absolute.  The  determinations  of  water  in  tests  Nos.  3  and  1  were 
not  satisfactory.  In  test  No.  3  this  discrepancy  is  apparently  accounted 
for  by  the  fact  that  the  air  in  the  apparatus  was  much  dryer  at  the 
close  of  the  experiment  than  at  the  beginning,  and  it  is  not  impos- 
sible that  the  excess  of  water  found  may  be  due  to  the  evaporation  of 


•For  detailed  description  of  this  part  of  the  apparatus,  see  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr., 
Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  63,  pp.  19-21. 


16 

moistore  from  the  surface  of  the  absorbers  during  the  experiment.  In 
the  metabolism  experiments  the  man  within  the  chamber  can  weigh 
the  absorbers,  and  thus  the  dittereuces  in  amounts  of  water  condensed 
upon  their  surfaces  can  be  determined,  but  in  the  alcohol  test  experi- 
ments this  is  impossible.  The  endeavor  was  made  to  have  the  conditions 
inside  the  apparatus,  especially  of  temperature  and  moisture,  the  same 
at  the  beginning  and  the  end  of  the  tests.  In  view  of  the  difficulty  of 
making  these  conditions  actually  the  same,  and  the  considerable 
amount  of  water  that  may  adhere  to  the  surface  of  the  condensers,  it 
is  not  strange  that  discrepancies  should  at  times  be  found  in  the 
determination  of  water  in  the  alcohol  test  experiments.  In  actual 
experiments  with  man  it  has  not  been  uncommon  to  find  variations  in 
the  weights  of  absorbers  of  100  grams  or  more  between  the  beginning 
and  the  end  of  the  six-hour  experimental  periods.  The  reason  for  the 
discrepancy  in  test  No.  4  is  not  so  apparent,  nor  was  there  any  appar- 
ent cause  for  the  small  proportion  of  carbon  dioxid  found.  The  deter- 
minations of  heat  were,  however,  very  close  to  the  theoretical  values, 
and  the  test  is  included  in  the  table  with  the  others.  As  mentioned 
above,  however,  another  test  was  made  before  the  beginning  of  the 
next  metabolism  experiment,  in  which  the  results  were  very  close  to 
the  theoretical.  Omitting  the  determination  of  water  in  tests  Nos.  3 
and  4,  the  maximum  difference  between  the  amounts  of  water  actually 
found  and  the  theoretical  was  1.2  per  cent,  and  the  average  difference 
only  0.<>  per  cent.  Omitting  the  determination  of  carbon  dioxid  in  test 
No.  4,  the  maximum  variation  was  1.3  per  cent  from  the  theoretical 
amount,  and  the  average  only  0.1  per  cent.  In  test  No.  7  the  propor- 
tion of  heat  measured  is  larger  than  usual.  It  will  be  observed, 
however,  that  this  test  continued  only  through  one  period  of  six 
hours.  Some  time  is  required  to  get  the  ai)paratus  into  e(iuilibrium, 
and  the  heat  measurements  of  the  first  experimental  period  are  accord- 
ingly sometimes  incorrect.  It  is,  perhaps,  hardly  fair  to  include  this 
test  with  tiie  others,  though  the  period  was  so  short  and  the  quantities 
involviMl  so  small  that  it  doen  not  materially  affect  the  total  averages. 
If  it  be  excluded  from  the  averages  the  maximum  difference  between 
the  theoretical  and  experimental  amounts  of  heat  is  0.8  per  cent,  and 
the  average  variation  less  tlian  0.1  per  cent.  In  either  case,  the  average 
variation  is  only  0.1  per  cent. 

HUMMARY. 

The  ;iccursyy  of  apparatus  and  methods  for  the  determination  of 
carbon  dioxid,  water,  and  heat,  which  have  been  previously  described 
and  which  were  used  in  tlie  iiietal)oli8m  experiments  here  reported,  was 
tested  with  an  electrical  current  by  which  known  amounts  of  heat  were 
produced  in  the  chamber  ol'  the  apparatus,  and  by  burning  alcohol  in 
the  chamlier  and  tlius  j»ro<lucing  known  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid, 
water,  and  heat. 


I 


17 

The  amounts  of  heat  produced  by  the  electric  current  and  the 
amounts  actually  measured  by  the  calorimeter  ajjfreed  almost  exactly; 
the  diftereuces  averaged  scarcely  one  teD-tliousandtb  of  tbe  whole. 

In  the  tests  by  the  burniug  of  alcohol  the  differences  between  the 
theoretical  quantities  and  those  actually  found  were  likewise  very 
small,  and  averaged:  For  carbon  dioxid  one-thousandth,  water  six- 
thousandths,  and  for  heat  one-thousandth  of  the  whole.  To  state  the 
case  in  another  way,  the  determinations  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  heats 
of  combustion  of  alcohol  by  the  respiration  calorimeter  are  as  accurate 
as  are  ordinarily  obtained  by  the  usual  methods  of  combustion  with 
the  combustion  furnace  and  the  bomb  calorimeter. 

These  results  seem  to  indicate  that  the  methods  of  determining  the 
amounts  of  carbon  dioxid,  water,  and  heat  given  off  witbin  tbe  cham- 
ber are  reasonably  accurate  and  that  the  respiration  calorimeter  may 
be  regarded  as  an  instrument  of  precision. 

EXPERIMENTS  WITH  MEN. 
PLAN  OF  THE  EXPERIMENTS. 

The  plan  of  the  metabolism  experiments  may  be  briefly  outlined  as 
follows : 

A  man  is  selected  who  is  in  good  health,  has  apparently  normal 
digestion,  and  who  does  not  find  the  confinement  in  the  chamber 
uncomfortable.  A  diet  is  selected  which  provides  materials  as  pala- 
table and  in  as  much  variety  as  is  consistent  with  convenient  prepa- 
ration and  with  accurate  sampling  and  analysis.  The  quantity  and 
composition  of  the  diet  are  generally  such  as  to  maintain  the  body 
nearly  in  nitrogen  and  carbon  e(iuilibrinm  under  the  conditions  of  the 
experiment,  whether  of  work  or  of  rest.  In  order  that  the  subject 
may  become  accustomed  to  this  diet  and  reach  approximate  nitrogen 
eqiTilibrium  with  it  before  the  experiment  proper  begins,  a  preliminary 
digestion  experiment  of  four  days  or  more  immediately  precedes  the 
metabolism  experiment.  Any  change  found  desirable  is  made,  and  the 
preliminary  experiment  is  continued  until  nitrogen  equilibrium  is  sup- 
posed to  be  reached.  In  most  cases  no  change  has  been  found  neces- 
sary, and  the  preliminary  experiment  has  continued  four  days.  During 
the  period  of  the  preliminary  feeding  the  subject  is  in  general  engaged 
in  his  customary  occupation,  but  he  conforms  his  muscular  activity 
more  or  less  to  that  ot  the  coming  experiment.  Thus,  if  this  is  to  be 
a  "work"  experiment,  he  rides  on  a  bicj'cle  or  walks  a  considerable 
distance  each  day.  If  it  is  to  be  a  "rest"  experiment,  he  avoids  all 
unnecessary  exercise. 

For  supper  on  the  last  day  (usually  the  fourth)  of  this  i>reliminary 
digestion  experiment,  about  (».7  gram  of  lam})bla(  k  is  taken  with  the 
food,  in  order  to  facilitate  the  separation  of  the  feci'S  of  the  preliminary 
experiment  from  those  of  the  metabolism  experiment  proper  (see  p.  21). 
The  subject  enters  the  chamber  on  the  evening  preceding  the  beginning 
of  the  experiment,  which  commences  at  7  a.  m, 
12388— i^o.  69—02 2 


18 

It  is  assumed  that  when  the  subject  has  essentially  the  same  activity 
from  (lay  to  day,  sleeps  regularly  at  night,  and  takes  his  meals  regn 
larly.  the  hour  just  before  breakfast  will  be  the  one  at  which  the  body 
will  be  most  nearly  in  uniform  condition  from  day  to  day.     That  is  to  j 
say,  it  is  believed  that  at  tliis  hour  there  will  be  the  smallest  amount  of  ■ 
material  in  the  aHmentary  canal,  and  that  the  quantity  of  glycogen  in 
the  muscles  and  elsewhere  will  be  most  nearly  the  same.    Furthermore, 
during  the  period  of  rest  at  night  the  evolution  of  heat,  carbon  dioxid, 
and  water  within  the  chamber  is  very  nearly  constant,  and  the  amount 
of  moisture  adhering  to  the  surface  of  the  walls  of  the  calorimeter  and 
to  the  al)sorbers  is  probably  less  than  at  any  other  time. 

All  the  determinations  begin  at  7  a.  m.  on  the  day  after  the  subjec 
enters  the  chamber,  and  from  this  time  to  the  close  of  the  experiment : 
record  is  kept  of  all  observations  which  furnish  data  for  computing 
the  income  and  outgo  of  matter  and  energy.    The  experimental  day 
thus  begins  at  7  a.  m.    In  the  experiments  here  reported  the  day  is: 
divided  into  four  periods  of  six  hours  each.  ' 

INCOME  OF  MATTER  AND  ENERGY— POOD  AND  DRINK. 

The  income  of  oxygen  furnished  by  the  air  was  not  measured  in  these 
experiments,  and  only  the  income  in  food  and  drink  are  considered. 
The  drink  consisted  of  water  and  of  " coftee."  This  coffee  infusion  is; 
counted  as  water,  since  it  was  found  in  two  tests  that  it  contained  noi 
appreciable  amount  of  nitrogen  or  organic  matter.  The  food  materials 
included  lean  beef  freed  from  fat,  dried  beef,  deviled  ham,  eggs,  milk, 
bntter,  bread  and  other  cereal  products,  beans,  sugar,  fruit,  and 
occasionally  alcohol. 

PREPARATION  AND  SAMPLING  OF  FOOD. 

Considerable  difficulty  is  experienced  in  preparing  the  food  in  such  a 
manner  and  in  such  variety  as  to  provide  both  for  accuracy  of  sam- 
pling and  palatability.  Upon  the  accuracy  in  sampling  depends  the 
ac<!uracy  of  tlie  whole  experiment,  for  unless  the  sample  represents  the 
exa<tt  composition  of  the  food  consumed  by  the  subject  the  measure- 
ments of  the  income  ajid  outgo  of  both  matter  and  energy  are  vitiated. 
In  the  earlier  experiments,  Nos.  5-8,  the  food  was  prepared  fresh  each 
day,  and  the  effort  was  made  to  take  the  samples  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  insure  as  great  accuracy  as  possible.  The  beef  was  finely  chopped  in 
a  meat  ciitter,  made  into  l)alls  of  eijual  weight,  and  fried,  one-half  of 
ea<-h  ball  being  given  to  the  subject  and  the  other  half  reserved  for 
analysis.  In  <',iitting  the  bread  alternate  slices  were  taken  for  food  and 
for  analysis.  In  experiments  in  which  canned  fruit  was  served  a 
sample  can  was  taken  for  analysis,  as  it  was  found  to  be  impracti- 
cable to  sample  the  finiit  and  liquor  accurately.  The  eggs  were  all  of  as 
nearly  the  same  size  and  aj>l>earance  as  could  be  found,  and  each  time 


19 

eggs  were  eaten  one  was  taken  for  a  sample.  All  the  other  food  mate- 
rials were  sampled  by  taking  aliquot  j)ortions  at  each  serving.  At  the 
end  of  the  experiment  the  separate  samples  of  each  material  were 
united  in  a  composite  sample,  which  was  analyzed  in  the  usual  manner. 

Experience  showed  tliis  method  of  preparing  and  sampling  the  food 
to  be  open  to  several  objections.  It  was  not  certain  that  the  meat  taken 
for  analysis  did  not  lose  an  appreciable  amount  of  water  while  the  por- 
tion to  be  eaten  was  being  weighed.  If  there  were  such  loss  the  por- 
tion weighed  last  would  be  the  drier.  Even  if  the  weights  of  meat 
taken  for  eating  and  for  analysis  from  day  to  day  are  the  same,  it  does 
not  necessarily  follow  that  the  composite  sample  for  analysis  will  have 
exactly  the  same  composition  as  the  meat  eaten.  Another  uncertainty 
has  to  do  with  the  slight  errors  which  occur  if  the  sample  of  bread  for 
analysis  contained  more  or  less  crust  than  the  bread  eaten.  Still  more 
uncertaiu  is  the  similarity  of  composition  of  two  cans  of  fruit,  even 
though  put  up  by  the  same  firm.  While  it  is  probable  that  the  boiled 
eggs  taken  for  analysis  and  those  eaten  were  very  nearly  alike,  weight 
for  weight,  exact  agreement  in  composition  is  neither  proven  nor  prob- 
able. Similar  uncertainties  as  to  the  identity  of  composition  of  the 
portions  taken  for  analysis  and  those  eaten  might  be  suggested  for  the 
other  food  materials. 

These  and  similar  considerations  suggested  by  the  experience  in 
experiments  Nos.  5-8  persuaded  us  that  an  improvement  in  the  method 
of  ^preparation  and  sampling  of  the  food  materials  was  desirable.  To 
this  end  a  diet  was  selected  which  was  intended  to  be  (1)  as  simple  as 
possible,  (2)  subject  to  little  probability  of  variation  from  day  to  day, 
(3)  easily  prepared,  and  at  the  same  time  (4)  as  palatable  and  agree- 
able to  the  subject  as  practicable.  Quantities  of  each  material  suffi- 
cient for  the  whole  experiment,  with  allowance  for  analysis  and  for  loss, 
were  sealed  in  glass  jars,  each  containing  the  amount  for  one  meal, 
before  the  beginning  of  tlie  experiment.  The  perishable  materials  were 
sterilized.  The  only  material  not  thus  treated  was  milk.  This  was  pur- 
chased fresh  each  day  and  an  aliquot  sample  taken  and  preserved  with 
formalin.  These  daily  aliquots  were  united  and  the  composite  sample 
analyzed.  In  this  way  the  food  for  each  meal  was,  with  the  exception 
of  the  milk,  put  in  cans  and  held  ready  to  be  passed  into  the  chamber 
when  wanted.  This  method,  it  is  believed,  avoids  a  large  proportion 
of  the  errors  involved  in  the  ordinary  sampling  of  the  food.  Since  the 
different  food  materials  were  all  prepared  and  canned  at  the  same  time 
from  the  same  lot  of  material,  the  contents  of  one  jar  or  can  could  not 
vary  greatly  in  composition  from  the  contents  of  another  jar  of  the 
same  material.  Several  jars  of  each  material  were  taken  for  analysis, 
and  it  is  believed  that  these  samples  represent  very  closely  the  food 
eaten  l)y  the  subject,  and  that  the  food  from  day  to  day  would  contain 
very  nearly  the  same  quantity  of  each  element  and  compound. 


20 

TEMPKBATUBE    OF    MATEBIALS     INTRODUCED    INTO    AND    REMOVED 
FROM   THE   RESPIRATION   CHAMBER. 

To  insure  the  greatest  accuracy  in  measurements  of  income  and  outgo 
of  energy,  the  temperature  of  the  food  and  drink  as  introduced  into  the 
chamber,  as  well  as  that  of  solid  and  liquid  excreta  as  removed,  sliould 
be  known.  The  errors  involved  by  introducing  or  removing  such 
materials  at  temperatures  varying  but  little  from  that  of  the  chamber, 
which  is  usually  about  20°  C,  are  but  slight,  and  would,  perha])s,  in  the 
course  of  an  experiment  nearly  counterbalance  each  other.  The  follow- 
ing precautions,  however,  were  taken.  The  temperatures  of  the  coffee, 
milk,  and  water  were  measured  by  inserting  a  thermometer  in  the 
liquid  immediately  before  its  introduction  into  the  respiration  chamber. 
Temperatures  were  read  to  tenths  of  degrees  centigrade.  Beef  canned 
in  glass  jars  was  warmed  in  an  ordinary  water  bath  for  one  hour  before 
use,  and  the  temperature  of  the  air  in  the  water  bath  taken  immediately 
before  the  beef  was  to  be  used.  The  bread,  butter,  cereal  products,  etc., 
were  i)laced  in  a  water  oven  at  a  temperature  of  about  20°  C,  the  exact 
temperature  being  noted  immediately  before  use.  In  later  experiments 
the  use  of  the  water  bath  at  the  ordinary  temperature  was  discarded, 
the  materials  being  placed  on  a  shelf  against  the  wall  of  the  room  and 
the  temperature  of  the  air  observed.  The  variations  above  or  below 
20°  multiplied  by  the  si)ecific  heat  of  the  substance  gives  a  measure  of 
the  heat  introduced  in  hot  materials  or  the  heat  taken  up  by  cool 
materials. 

The  urine  and  feces  were  usually  allowed  to  remain  in  the  chamber 
until  they  attained  the  temperature  of  the  latter.  In  some  cases  where 
the  urine  was  removed  shortly  after  it  was  voided  its  temperature  was 
taken  and  the  proper  correction  applied. 

ANALYSES   OF   FOOD. 

The  methods  of  analysis  were  mainly  those  adopted  by  the  Associa- 
tion of  Oflficial  Agricultural  Chemists,  but  such  modifications  and 
changes  have  been  made  as  experience  has  shown  to  be  necessary  or 
desirable.' 

OUTGO   OF    MATTER   AND   ENERGY— EXCRETORY   AND  RESPIRA- 
TORY PRODUCTS  AND  RADIATED  HEAT. 

INTESTINAL   EXCRETA. 

Tlir  outgo  ot  matter  in  the  feces  includes  both  undigested  material 
and  metabolic  i)roducts.  In  the  experiments  no  attempt  has  been  made 
to  distinguish  between  these,  and  the  feces  are  taken  as  representing 
matter  and  energy  unavailable  for  use  in  the  body.^ 

'  Sea  diHcnwioD  of  tliiH  aiibject  and  description  of  inetboilH  of  samyiling  and  of  anal- 
JHIH  in  IJ.  8.  \)i:]tt.  Agr.,  f  )fflf<i  of  Kxpf^rinnmt  Stations  JJul.  44. 

•  For  fnrther  diHCtiHHion  of  thi«  Hubject  see  ytorrs  (Couu.)  Sta.  RptB.  189G,  p.  153, 
and  18117,  p.  163,  * 


21 

Sampling  and  analysis. — Various  methods  for  the  separation  of  the 
feces  from  a  given  diet  from  that  of  the  preceding  or  succeeding  diet 
have  been  adopted  by  different  experimenters.  The  metliod  used  in 
these  experiments  consists  in  administering  a  small  amount  of  lamp- 
black or  powdered  charcoal  in  gelatin  capsules  with  the  meal  immedi- 
ately preceding  or  succeeding  the  diet  under  investigation.  For  exam- 
ple, if  it  is  desired  to  begin  with  a  given  diet  at  breakfast  the  lamp- 
black will  be  taken  with  the  supper  on  the  night  previous.  It  has 
been  found  that  the  feces  resulting  from  a  meal  of  bread  and  milk  pos- 
sess a  distinctively  characteristic  consistency  and  facilitate  to  a 
marked  degree  the  separation  of  the  feces  of  a  mixed  diet.  It  has 
therefore  been  our  custom  to  have  a  considerable  amount  of  bread  and 
milk  in  the  meal  with  which  the  lampblack  is  taken.  While  this  is 
not  as  essential  as  was  formerly  supposed,  it  makes  the  separation 
more  positive  and  certain.  At  the  same  time  considerable  other  food 
besides  bread  can  be  added  to  the  meal  without  materially  altering  the 
consistency  of  the  feces,  provided  a  fairly  large  amount  of  milk  be 
included.  Experiments  have  been  tried  with  the  use  of  subnitrate  of 
bismuth.  This  reagent  is  colored  black  in  the  feces,  owing  to  the  for- 
mation of  bismuth  sulphid.  While  under  certain  conditions  this 
method  of  separation  may  give  very  excellent  results,  it  is  not  consid- 
ered as  reliable  by  any  means  as  the  lampblack  method. 

For  the  collection  of  the  feces  copper  cans  16  centimeters  long,  11  cen- 
timeters wide,  and  6^  centimeters  deep,  of  an  elliptical  cross  section, 
and  provided  with  close  fitting  covers,  were  used.  The  cans  were 
weighed  before  being  passed  into  the  respiration  chamber  and  the 
increase  of  weight  on  their  removal  taken  as  the  weight  of  the  fresh 
feces.  The  feces  after  weighing  were  placed  in  shallow  dishes  and 
dried  in  a  water  oven  for  three  or  four  days,  after  which  they  were 
analyzed  according  to  the  usual  method. 

Loss  of  nitrogen  in  drying. — Various  experimenters  have  found  a 
greater  or  less  loss  of  nitrogen  in  drying  feces  from  different  animals. 
In  the  experiments  here  reported  no  attempt  was  made  to  determine 
this  loss  of  nitrogen,  since  preliminary  experiments  had  indicated  that, 
as  the  drying  is  actually  conducted  in  this  laboratory,  the  loss  is  quite 
small.  A  later  and  somewhat  extended  series  of  experiments  in  this 
laboratory  confirmed  the  previous  results,  and  indicated  that  the  total 
amount  of  nitrogen  lost  in  drying  the  feces  from  a  four-day  experiment 
for  twenty-four  hours  in  air  in  a  drying  oven  at  about  96°  C.  does  not 
exceed  half  a  gram. 

URINE. 

With  the  exception  of  the  comparatively  small  amount  of  unavailable 
nitrogen  rejected  in  the  feces  practically  all  the  nitrogen  of  the  food  is 
eliminated  in  the  urine  in  the  form  of  urea,  uric  aciti,  creatin  and  crea- 
tinin,  and  allied  nitrogenous  compounds.  The  nitrogen  in  the  urine  is 
taken  as  a  measure  of  the  amount  of  protein  compounds  metabolized. 


22 

While  this  is  thecommon  usage  in  metabolism  experiments,  it  isof  course 
inc'OiTet't  iu  so  far  as  the  urine  contains  creatinin  and  allied  compounds 
which  were  in  the  food.  The  error  thus  introduced,  however,  is  not 
large.  The  carbon  and  hydrogen  in  organic  combination  iu  the  urine 
represent  partially  oxidized  compounds,  and  the  heat  of  combustion  of 
the  dried  residue  of  the  urine  is  a  measure  of  the  amount  of  energy  which 
is  carried  away  from  the  body  in  these  partially  oxidized  compounds. 

Sdinplinf/  (Old  totah/.sis. — The  urine  of  six-hour  periods,  beginning  with 
the  experimental  day  at  7  a.  m.,  was  collected  in  glass  jars,  tightly 
sealed,  and,  after  remaining  in  the  chamber  for  about  three  hours  in 
order  to  come  to  the  temperature  of  the  apparatus,  was  jjassed  out 
through  the  food  aperture.  It  was  then  weighed  and  its  specific  gravity 
taken,  after  which  an  aliquot  portion,  usually  one-half,  was  reserved  to 
make  a  part  of  a  composite  sample  for  the  day,  and  the  remainder  was 
used  for  the  determination  of  nitrogen  and  other  constituents.  The 
nitrogen  was  determined  in  the  fresh  urine  by  the  Kjeldahl  method. 
Portions  of  100  or  200  grams  of  the  composite  sample  for  the  whole 
experiment  were  evaporated  to  dryness  in  a  partial  vacuum,  and  deter- 
minations of  carbon  and  hydrogen  were  made  in  this  dried  residue. 

Loss  of  urea  in  dry  in  f/. — Even  when  urine  is  dried  in  a  vacuum  at  com- 
paratively low  temperature  there  is  danger  of  some  decomposition  by 
which  nitrogen  may  be  lost,  in  the  form  either  of  ammonia  or,  more  prob 
ably,  of  ammonium  carbonate.  The  process  of  drying  is  also  tedious. 
For  this  reason  in  the  latter  experiments  an  attempt  was  made  to  dry 
the  urine  at  100°  C.  and  to  determine  the  loss  of  nitrogen  during  this 
drying. 

In  order  to  estimate  the  amount  of  this  loss  of  nitrogen  several 
samjdes  were  dried  in  a  flask  over  a  water  bath  or  calcium  chlorid 
bath  giving  a  temperature  of  from  100  to  105*^  C.  A  current  of  air 
was  forced  through  the  flask  by  means  of  a  water  blast.  This  air  was 
freed  from  carbon  dioxid  by  passing  it  over  soda-lime  before  it  reached 
tiie  flask.  The  air  as  it  came  from  the  flask  was  passed  through  a 
known  amount  of  a  standard  solntion  of  acid  in  another  flask,  after 
which  it  was  dried  by  ]>assing  through  suli)huri(!  acid  and  the  carbon 
dioxid  removed  by  soda  lime.  After  the  urine  had  been  brought  nearly 
to  dryness  in  the  first  flask,  the  standard  acid  in  the  second  llask  was 
titrated  and  the  amount  of  nitrogen  in  the  ammonia  wliich  had  been 
absorbed  by  the  acid  was  cahuilated.  The  increase  in  weight  of  the 
soda  lime  tube  and  the  sulplinricacid  tube  immediately  following  it 
gave  the  amount  of  carbon  dioxid  that  liad  been  given  off  from  the 
urine.  In  two  exi)eriment8  the  projwrtions  of  nitrogen  and  of  carbon 
dioxid  giv(;n  off  conesi»ondc(l  (piite  nearly  to  the  i)ro])ortions  in  ammo- 
nium carbonate,  'i'lie  natnial  inference  was  that  it  would  be  within 
the  limits  of  error  to  assume  that  all  the  nitrogen  and  carbon  lost  in 
drying  were  in  ammoninni  <;arbonate.  Of  conrse  this  conld  not  be 
exactly  true,  becaus«^  there  is  a  certain  amount  of  free  carbon  dioxid 
iu  the  urine. 


23 

lu  experiments  Nos.  5,  6,  7,  and  8  the  urine  was  dried  in  a  partial 
vacuum  at  room  temperature,  and  from  the  results  of  several  special 
experiments  in  which  the  amount  of  ammonia  given  off  was  determined 
it  was  assumed  that  the  loss  of  nitrogen  in  the  drying  was  so  small 
that  it  might  be  left  out  of  account.  In  experiment  No.  9  and  those 
following,  instead  of  drying  the  urine  in  a  partial  vacuum,  as  was  done 
in  experiments  Nos.  5-8,  200  grams  of  fresh  urine  was  evaporated  iu  a 
dish  over  a  water  bath.  The  nitrogen  was  determined  in  the  fresh 
urine  and  iu  the  dried  residue.  The  difference  between  the  calculated 
weights  of  nitrogen  iu  the  200  grams  of  fresh  urine  and  in  the  dried 
residue  was  assumed  to  be  due  to  nitrogen  carried  away  in  combina- 
tion with  carbon  in  the  form  of  ammonium  carbonate,  and  the  corre- 
sponding loss  of  carbon  was  calculated.  The  loss  of  hydrogen  was  so 
small  that  it  was  left  out  of  account. 

Heat  of  combustion  of  urine. — The  heat  of  combustion  of  the  solid 
constituents  of  urine  has  been  determined  by  two  methods,  each  of 
which  has  given,  in  general,  fairly  satisfactory  results.  The  most  satis- 
factory method  is  that  described  by  Kellner.'  This  consists  in  satu- 
rating a  cellulose  "absorption  block''  of  known  weight  and  known  heat 
of  combustion  with  a  known  amount  of  urine,  drying  in  an  oven  at 
about  60°  C,  and  burning  in  the  bomb  calorimeter.  The  total  heat  of 
combustion  of  absorption  block  and  dried  residue  of  urine,  less  that 
of  the  absorption  block,  gives  the  heat  of  combustion  of  the  urine. 
The  other  method  consists  in  drying  the  urine  iu  a  partial  vacuum  at 
ordinary  room  temperature,  or  over  a  water  bath,  as  described  above, 
and  burning  the  dried  residue  in  the  bomb  calorimeter.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  the  dried  residue  which  was  prepared  for  determination  of  car- 
bon and  hydrogen  was  used  for  the  determinations  of  heats  of  combus- 
tion. In  the  few  cases  iu  which  this  method  was  followed  allowance 
was  made  for  the  heat  of  combustion  of  the  urea  estimated  to  be  lost 
as  ammonium  carbonate. 

The  heats  of  combustion  were  determined  in  the  urine  of  the  four 
days  of  the  actual  metabolism  experiment  in  each  case,  but  not  in  tliat 
of  the  four  days  of  the  preliminary  digestion  experiment.  The  deter- 
minations were  made  in  separate  samples  of  the  urine  of  each  day  and 
in  composite  samples  of  that  of  the  four  days.  The  heats  of  combus- 
tion were  determined,  both  in  the  separate  day  samples  and  in  the 
composite  four-day  samples,  by  the  Kellner  method.  For  the  determi- 
nations in  the  dried  residues,  when  made,  only  the  composite  samples 
were  used.  The  results  are  given  in  the  tables,  for  comparison  with 
those  obtained  by  the  Kellner  method.  In  the  computations  of  energy 
of  outgo  the  results  from  the  individual  day  sami3les  are  used. 

The  nitroyen  lag.^ — As  was  stated  above,  the  urine  in  these  experi- 
ments is  collected  from  7  a.  m.  on  the  beginning  of  the  experimental 
day  until  7  a.  m.  the  next  day  in  periods  of  six  hours.     One  purjDOse  of 

'  Landw.  Vers.  Stat.,  47  (1896),  p.  297. 

2U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  44,  pp.  3.5,36. 


24 

this  division  into  periods  is  to  obtain  information,  if  practicable,  regard- 
ing the  nitrogen  lag,  i.  e.,  the  interval  of  time  during  which  the  excre- 
tion of  nitrogen  l;»gs  behind  the  nielabolisni  in  the  body.  We  have 
found  comparatively  few  data  for  determining  the  exact  duiation  of 
this  lag.  It  is  not  known,  for  instance,  at  what  time  the  nitrogen  of 
the  food  eaten  for  bi  eakfast  begins  to  appear  in  the  urine,  nor  when  the 
nitrogen  of  the  food  eaten  for  supper  of  any  given  day  is  all  metabolized 
and  excreted.  Still  less  do  we  know  how  long  a  period  intervenes 
between  the  metabolism  of  nitrogen  of  tissue  and  its  excretion.  It  is 
believed  by  some  experimenters  that,  under  ordinary  conditions,  the 
actual  nitrogen  consumed  in  the  food  is  soon  excreted.  In  previous 
experiments'  of  this  series  a  lag  of  six  hours  is  assumed  in  one  case 
and  twelve  hours  in  another.  One  advantage  in  making  the  diet  uni- 
form for  the  four  days  pre(;eding  the  metabolism  experiments,  as  has 
been  done  in  the  cases  here  reported,  is  that  during  this  time  the  sub- 
ject will  reach  approximate  nitrogen  equilibrium  and  that  for  the  pur- 
pose of  the  experiment  the  "nitrogen  day,"  i.  e.,  the  twenty-four  hours 
during  which  the  nitrogen  is  excreted  may  be  taken  as  coincident  with 
the  exjjerimental  day,  thus  allowing  for  no  lag.  This  i)robably  gives 
results  as  nearly  coriect  as  would  be  obtained  by  any  such  arbitrary 
assumption.  The  data  are,  however,  given  in  the  tables  by  which  the 
calculations  can  be  revised  to  allow  for  a  nitrogen  lag  of  six,  twelve,  or, 
in  some  cases,  tweuty-ftmr  hours'  duration.  For  this  i)urpose  the  nitro- 
gen in  the  urine  is  determined  for  periods  of  from  six  to  twenty- four 
hours  after  the  end  of  each  experiment. 

PERSPIRATION  PRODUCTS — ELIMINATION  OF  NITROGEN. 

The  amount  of  matter  eliminated  in  the  i)erspiration  is  not  large. 
During  several  of  the  rest  experiments  it  was  found  that  the  nitrogen 
thus  eliminated  amounted  to  less  than  25  milligrams  per  day.  In  work 
experiments,  on  the  other  hand,  as  much  as  0.2  gram  of  nitrogen  was 
eliminated  by  the  skin  in  a  day. 

The  nitrogen  of  perspirsition  was  determined  as  follows:  The  subject 
took  an  ordinary  bath  and  afterward  rinsed  his  body  with  distilled 
water  before  entering  the  chamber.  His  underclothing,  which  was  of 
medium  weight,  was  carelully  rinsed  witii  distilled  water  after  the  usual 
washing.  He  had  a  clean  suit  of  underclothes  every  night  to  replace 
the  suit  worn  during  the  day.  The  latter  suit  was  washed  with  dis- 
tilled water,  which  was  then  evaporated  nearly  to  dryness  and  the 
nitrogen  in  the  residue  was  determined  by  the  Kjeldahl  method.  The 
nitrogen  of  the  products  of  persjuration  was  thus  determined  in  rest 
experiments  Nos.  5  and  7,  and  in  all  the  work  experiments. 

RESPIRATION   PRODUCTS-  OARIJON   AND   HYDROGEN. 

In  all  the  experiments  the  only  res))iratory  ])ioducts  determined  were 
carbon  dioxid  and  water.     I'Vom  these  the  carbon  and  hydrogen  were 


'U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  OOice  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  44,  pp.  49,  52,  61. 


25 

calculated.  The  amounts  of  intestinal  gases,  as  methane,  and  of  other 
volatile  organic  products  given  off  from  the  body  of  the  subject,  were 
believed  to  be  very  small  aud  are  here  left  out  of  account.'  We  hope, 
however,  to  find  means  later  for  determining  these  substances,  and  also 
for  determining  the  amount  of  oxygen  used  from  the  air  current. 

The  method  of  measuring,  sampling,  and  analyzing  the  air  of  the  ven- 
tilating current  was  described  in  detail  iu  a  previous  bulletin.^  In  brief, 
the  volume  is  now  measured  by  a  meter  pumj)  of  special  construction, 
which  serves  the  threefold  purpose  of  maintaining  the  current,  measur- 
ing and  recording  the  volume  automatically,  and  delivering  aliquot 
samples  of  one-hundredths  of  the  whole  amount  for  analysis.  In  the 
experiments  here  recorded,  however,  samples  drawn  by  aspirators  were 
used  for  analysis.  The  aspirators,  also  described  in  the  bulletin  just 
referred  to,  are  arranged  to  take  samples  of  both  the  incoming  and  out- 
going air.  The  samples  are  drawn  continuously  during  the  six  hour 
periods.  Each  sample  represents  not  far  from  one  oue-hundred-and- 
sixtieth  of  the  total  current. 

These  analyses  of  both  incoming  and  outgoing  air  were  made  in 
duplicate,  save  that  in  the  earlier  experiments,  Nos.  5,  (»,  and  7,  the 
analyses  of  the  incoming  air  were  not  duplicated.  The  justitication  for 
omitting  the  duplicates  is  found  in  the  fact  that  the  carbon  dioxid  varies 
but  little  from  day  to  day,  and  still  less  from  six-hour  period  to  six-hour 
period,  and  that  the  water  is  frozen  out  of  the  incoming  air  current 
before  the  sample  is  taken,  so  that  the  amount  remaining  in  this  curreut 
as  actually  analyzed  is  extremely  small  and  quite  constant.  On  this 
supposition,  the  analyses  of  the  air  of  the  four  six-hour  periods  serve 
in  a  sense  the  purpose  of  duplication.  In  the  later  experiments,  how- 
ever, duplicate  samples  of  the  incoming  as  well  as  the  outgoing  air  were 
taken  by  the  aspirators  and  analyzed.  In  still  later  experiments  not 
yet  described,  samples  of  the  outgoing  air  were  taken  by  aid  of  the 
meter  pumps  and  analyzed,  so  that  the  analysis  of  the  outgoing  air  was 
made  iu  quadruplicate. 

The  samples  of  incoming  and  outgoing  air  were  taken  by  the  aspira- 
tors from  the  current  immediately  before  and  immediately  after  it  left 
the  chamber  of  the  calorimeter.  The  water  in  both  the  incoming  and 
outgoing  air  was  mostly  removed  by  coolers  before  the  samples  were 
taken.  This  cooling  was  accomplished  by  passing  the  air  through  a 
"freezer"  consisting  of  copper  pipes  immersed  in  cold  brine,  so  that  the 
temperature  was  reduced  to  not  far  from  — 20°  C.  The  freezers  in  which 
the  outgoing  air  current  was  cooled  were  specially  adapted  for  weighing. 
In  this  way  the  larger  portion  of  the  water  of  respiration  and  perspira- 
tion was  condensed,  and  its  amount  directly  determined.    After  passing 

'See  Billings,  Mitchell,  and  Bergey,  on  the  Composition  of  Expired  Air  and  its 
Eftects  upon  Animal  Life,  Washington,  Smithsonian  Institution,  1895;  aud  Bergey, 
Methods  for  the  Determination  of  Organic  Matter  in  Air,  Washington,  Smithsonian 
Institution,  1896. 

^U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  63. 


26 

tbe  freezer  the  air  was  sampled,  and  the  carbon  dioxid  and  the  remain- 
ing- water  were  determined.  Thi'  determination  of  water  was  made  by 
passing  the  sampk^  through  a  U-tiibe  containing  pumice  stone  saturated 
with  sulphuric  acid.  The  carbon  dioxid  was  removed  by  soda  lime 
contained  in  other  U-tubes.  The  exact  arrangement  of  tubes  and 
details  of  calculations  have  been  referred  to  in  the  previous  bulletins 
above  cited. 

THE    DETERMINATION    OF   ALCOHOL   ELIMINATED    THROUGH   THE 
KIDNEYS,   LUNGS,    AND   SKIN. 

Since  a  portion  of  the  alcohol  ingested  may  be  excreted  through  the 
kidiu^ys,  lungs,  and  skin  it  is  essential,  in  experiments  on  tbe  metab- 
olism of  matter  and  energy  in  which  alcohol  makes  part  of  the  diet, 
to  determine  the  amount  of  alcohol  which  thus  escapes  oxidation.'  It 
becomes  necessary,  therefore,  to  examine  the  urine,  outgoing  air  cur- 
rent, freezer  water,  and  drip  water  for  the  presence  of  alcohol.  In  the 
last  two  we  should  expect  to  find  so  much  of  the  alcohol  eliminated 
from  the  lungs  and  skin  as  was  condensed  with  tbe  water  either  on  the 
absorbers  or  in  tbe  freezers.  The  remainder  of  the  alcohol  from  the 
lungs  and  skin  would  be  in  the  air  current.^  The  urine  and  the  drip 
and  freezer  waters  were  subjected  to  fractional  distillation  to  separate 
the  alcohol,  which  was  finally  determined  by  oxidation  with  chromic 
acid  by  the  method  described  by  Bodliinder.'  An  aliquot  sample  of 
the  main  air  current  was  drawn  through  bulbs  containing  concentrated 
sulphuric  acid  where  all  tbe  alcohol  vapor  was  absorbed.^  The  alcohol 
thus  retained  was  determined,  as  before,  by  oxidation  with  chromic 
acid.  Tbe  amount  of  alcohol  thus  estimated  to  be  given  oti"  from  tbe 
body  nnoxidized  was  in  each  case  very  small.  Tbe  figures  for  tbe 
amounts  thus  determined  in  experiment  No.  7  are  given  in  Table  41. 
Similar  deterniinations  in  experiment  No.  10,  as  made  by  tbe  modified 
method  described  beyond,  are  shown  in  Table  83.  Tbe  highest  amount, 
somewhat  over  4  per  cent  of  the  amount  ingested,  was  observed  on  a 
single  day  in  experiment  No.  7. 

We  have  found,  however,  that  these  figures  are  not  correct.  The 
method  used  for  the  determination  of  the  alcohol  in  experiment  No.  7 
involves  at  least  two  errors,  both  of  which  make  the  amount  as  deter- 
mined too  lari^c.  One  error  occurs  in  the  determination  of  alcohol  by 
tbe  chromate  method.  Tbe  other  is  due  to  the  presence  of  reducing 
material,  other  than  alcohol,  in  tbe  air.  This  latter  error  also  applies 
to  tbe  dcterniiiiations  in  exi)criment  No.  10.     l>oth  of  these  sources  of 

•It  is  Ikmt.  assiiinod  tliiit  the  feces  would  contain  no  considerable  amount  of  the 
ah'ohol  ing<'8t«Ml,  though  they  ini^lit  contain  an  appreciable  amount  of  alcohol  as  a 
product  of  fcrmciitation.     Sec  Bodliinder  in  Arch.  I'hysiol.  [lMliif;crJ,  32,  (1883),  p.  424. 

^It  is  hcrcaHHUiucd  tiiat  no  conBidcral)lc  amount  of  alcohol  would  bo  absorbed  and 
retained  by  tin;  clothing. 

'Arch.  I'hyhiol.  [I'liiiger],  32,  (1883),  p.  398. 

<Kee  Benedict  and  Norris  on  "The  Determination  of  Small  QuantitieH  of  Alcohol," 
Jour.  Amer.  Cbeni.  Soc.,  20  (1898),  p.  299. 


27 

error  have  been  made  the  subject  of  especial  investijratioTi  in  this 
laboratory. 

An  account  of  the  investigations  upon  the  chromate  method  has 
already  been  published.'  From  this  it  appears  that  in  the  method 
described  by  Bodljiuder  the  end  reaction  is  not  sharp  and,  in  our 
experience,  the  results  obtained  are  too  large.  In  view  of  the  necessity 
of  as  accurate  measurements  as  possible  of  small  quantities  of  alcohol, 
a  modification  of  this  method  was  devised  and  has  been  described.' 
This  consists  essentially  in  collecting  the  alcohol  in  concentrated  sul- 
phuric acid,  oxidizing  it  with  potassium  bichromate  in  excess,  reducing 
the  remainder  of  the  chromic  acid  by  a  slight  excess  of  a  solution  of 
ferrous  ammonium  sulphate  and  determining  the  excess  of  ferrous  iron 
by  titration  with  potassium  permanganate  solution.  The  accuracy  of 
this  modified  method  was  tested  by  a  considerable  number  of  exper- 
iments in  which  known  and  very  small  amounts  of  alcohol  were  added 
to  water,  to  urine,  and  to  a  current  of  air.  The  results  obtained  in  all 
these  tests  were  reasonably  accurate.  In  no  instance  did  the  error 
exceed  a  small  percentage  of  even  the  very  small  amount  of  alcohol 
used.    The  details  are  given  in  the  article  referred  to. 

The  quantities  of  reducing  matter  in  the  air  were  studied  by  experi- 
ments of  several  kinds.  A  current  of  ordinary  air  drawn  through  a 
solution  of  potassium  bichromate  in  sulphuric  acid  showed  more  or  less 
reduction  even  after  passing  through  tubes  packed  with  cotton.  The 
use  of  a  moistened  air  filter,  as  suggested  by  Remsen,^  is  in  these 
experiments  objectionable,  because  it  is  desirable  to  use  the  same  air 
current  for  both  moisture  and  alcohol  determinations.  In  several 
experiments  in  whicli  the  man  had  no  alcohol  the  quantity'  of  reducing 
material  in  the  air  was  determined  by  the  modified  method  for  the 
determination  of  alcohol  just  mentioned;  that  is  to  say,  the  sample 
of  the  outgoing  air  current  was  drawn  through  sulphuric  acid  and  the 
reducing  matter  determined — as  in  the  case  of  the  alcohol  experiments — 
by  the  use  of  chromic  acid,  ferrous  ammonium  sulphate,  and  potassium 
permanganate  solutions.  In  every  case  the  reduction  was  consider- 
able, though  there  were  vSlight  variations  in  the  amounts  on  diiferent 
days  and  in  different  experiments.  The  amount  of  reduction  in  these 
experiments  without  alcohol  was  such  as  to  correspond  to  from  0.96 
gram  to  1.20  grams  of  alcohol  in  the  air  from  the  chamber  during  a 
period  of  twenty-four  hours.  The  amount  of  reduction  found  in  the 
experiments  in  which  alcohol  formed  a  part  of  the  diet  ranged  from 
0.71  gram  to  1.05  grams  in  twenty-four  hours.  In  other  words,  the 
amount  of  reducing  material  in  these  particular  experiments  appears 
to  be  very  nearly  the  same  without  as  with  alcohol  in  the  diet.  The 
natural  inference  would  be  that  what  was  called  alcohol  in  the  outgoing 
current  of  air  consisted  of  other  reducing  substances.  We  should, 
however,  be  unwilling  to  make  any  such  positive  assertion  without 

'See  Benedict  and  Norris  on  "The  Determination  of  Small  Quantities  of  Alcohol," 
Jour.  Amer.  Cbera.  See,  20  (1898),  p.  293, 
•^Natl.  Bd.  Health  Bui.,  Washington,  1  (1879-80),  p.  233;  2  (1880-81),  p.  517. 


28 

further  experiment.  Meanwhile  we  may  add  that  confirmation  of  the 
at  least  approximate  correctness  of  this  method  of  determining  the  dif- 
ferences in  the  quantity  of  reducing  matter  in  the  air  current  and 
detecting  the  addition  of  small  quantities  of  alcohol  to  the  air  in  the 
chamber  were  found  in  some  incidental  observations  connected  with 
the  experiments.  In  one  case,  as  stated  elsewhere,  a  small  amount  of 
coffee  containing  alcohol  was  accidentally  spilled  upon  the  copper  floor 
of  the  chamber.  As  the  amount  was  known,  approximately,  a  corre- 
sponding quantity  was  given  to  the  subject  to  make  up  the  regular 
daily  raiion.  The  alcohol  thus  spilled  naturally  evaporated  and  was 
carried  out  in  the  air  current.  The  amount  of  alcohol  found  for  this 
day  in  the  outgoing  air  current  exceeded  the  usual  amount  by  very 
nearly  the  amount  spilled.  In  an  experiment  made  since  those  here 
described  alcohol  in  the  form  of  whisky  was  taken  with  sugar  and 
water.  The  mixing  was  generally  done  outside  the  chamber,  but  in 
one  case  the  materials  were  passed  into  the  chamber  separately  and 
there  mixed.  In  the  mixing  the  whisky  was  poured  into  a  cup  and  the 
sugar  and  water  were  added  later.  Opportunity  was  thus  given  for  an 
evaporation  of  a  small  amount  of  the  alcohol  of  the  whisky.  Larger 
amounts  of  alcohol  were  found  in  the  air  current  than  in  the  other 
days  when  the  mixing  was  done  outside. 

These  observations  seem  to  warrant  the  following  inferences:  (1)  The 
modified  method,  as  above  described,  gives  a  very  nearly  accurate  meas- 
ure of  the  small  amounts  of  alcohol  and  other  reducing  material  in  the 
air  current,  in  the  urine,  and  in  the  drip  water  and  freezer  water;  (2) 
in  the  determination  of  alcohol  in  the  air  current  an  allowance  should 
be  made  for  other  reducing  materials.  It  seems  to  us  not  improbable 
that  allowances  should  also  be  made  for  the  small  amounts  of  reduc- 
ing materia]  other  than  alcohol  in  the  urine  and  the  freezer  and  drip 
waters.  The  need  of  further  investigation  of  the  subject  is  evident, 
and  such  investigation  is  now  being  made.  Meanwhile  it  seems  proper 
to  state  the  amounts  as  actually  found  without  making  corrections. 
(.'J)  Under  the  circumstances  of  these  experiments,  in  which  approxi- 
mately 72  grams  of  alcohol  was  administered  daily  in  six  doses,  the 
<|uantity  of  alcohol  eliminated  could  not  have  been  more  than  li  grams 
pel'  day,  or  about  2  jxt  cent  of  the  whole.  If  an  allowance  for  reduc- 
ing maJerial  other  than  al<;ohol  in  the  air  current  was  based  upon  the 
determinations  thus  far  made,  there  would  be  practically  no  alcohol 
remaining  wliich  could  have  been  excreted  Mirough  the  lungs  and  skin, 
and  the  total  amount  which  (;ould  have  been  eliminated  daily  in  the 
urine  and  otherwise  would  be  inconsiderable. 

The  details  of  the  determinations  of  alcohol  and  other  reducing 
matters  are  not  rejmrted  in  this  bulletin. 

It  is  theoretically  j)ossible  tliat  products  of  the  partial  oxidation  of 
alcohol,  such  as  aldehyde  and  acetic  acid,  may  have  been  eliminated  by 
the  kidneys,  lungs,  or  skin  in  these  experiments,  but  we  are  not  aware 


29 

of  auy  evidence  which  would  lead  us  to  expect  svn-h  elimination  to  any 
considerable  extent.  Efforts  were  made  to  find  evidence  of  aldehyde 
and  acetic  acid  in  the  urine,  drip  and  freezer  waters,  and  outgoing  air 
currents,  but  not  even  traces  were  detected.  The  tests,  however,  were 
not  sufficiently  delicate  to  warrant  the  affirmation  that  no  traces  of 
these  substances  were  present  and  the  time  at  our  disposal  did  not 
suffice  for  devising  tests  which  would  be  conclusive. 

MEASUREMENT   OF   HEAT   RADIATED   FROM   THE   BODY. 

The  details  of  the  method  of  measuring  the  heat  given  oft"  by  the 
subject  were  described  in  the  bulletin  referred  to  above.  These  meas- 
urements were  made  from  the  time  the  subject  entered  the  chamber  on 
the  evening  preceding  the  commencement  until  the  close  of  the  experi- 
ment, at  7  a.  m.  on  the  fourth  day  following.  The  measurements  for 
the  experiment  proper  began  at  7  am. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  EXPERIMENTS  WITH  MEN. 

In  planning  a  metabolism  experiment  for  the  study  of  a  given  ques- 
tion, as  stated  above,  the  diet  should  be  arranged  to  fulflll  three  condi- 
tions: (1)  It  should  be  palatable  and  of  such  variety  that  the  subject 
will  not  tire  of  it  during  the  experiment:  (2)  it  should  furnish  the 
amounts  of  nitrogen  (protein)  and  energy  desired  for  the  ])urposeof  the 
experiment;  and  (3)  the  food  materials  should  be  in  such  forms  as  to 
admit  of  accurate  sampling. 

In  the  description  of  each  exjjeriment  the  menu  or  ration  for  each 
day  is  shown.  A  daily  programme  is  made  out  which  serves  as  a 
guide  both  for  the  subject  and  for  those  conducting  the  experiment.  It 
shows  the  hours  at  which  the  subject  is  expected  to  rise  and  retire,  the 
hours  at  which  he  shall  receive  his  meals,  and  when  he  shall  weigh 
himself  and  the  system  of  absorbers  inside  the  apparatus.  This  pro- 
gramme follows  the  menu  in  the  description  of  each  experiment. 

During  each  experiment  the  subject  keeps  a  diarj'-,  or  record,  showing 
the  results  of  all  determinations  of  weights  and  temperatures  made  by 
himself  in  the  chamber  of  the  calorimeter.  A  summary  of  this  diary 
follows  the  programme  in  the  description  of  each  experiment. 

The  subject  of  experiments  ISIos.  5  to  10  here  described  was  Mr.  E. 
Osterberg,  who  was  also  the  subject  of  experiments  Nos.  1  and  2,  and 
of  a  number  of  later  experiments.  He  was  31  years  of  age,  5  feet  8 
inches  (1.87  meters)  in  height,  and  weighed  about  150  pounds  (68  kilo- 
grams). He  was  in  excellent  health  and  accustomed,  as  laboratory 
janitor  and  chemical  assistant,  to  moderate  muscular  labor. 

COMPOSITION   OF   FOOD   MATERIALS,  ETC.,  OF  EXPERIMENTS 

NOS.  5-10. 

The  composition  of  all  the  food  materials  used  in  the  experiments 
described  in  this  bulletin  is  given  in  Table  3,  page  30.  The  methods  of 
analysis  were  referred  to  on  page  20.     Attention  is  called  to  the  fact 


30 

that  the  protein  is  iu  all  cases  computed  by  multiplying  the  total  nitro- 
gen by  the  factor  6.25.  In  cases  where  the  amount  of  carbohydrates 
is  so  small  as  to  be  neglected,  as  in  meats,  the  sum  of  the  percentages 
of  water,  protein,  fat,  and  ash  may  be  more  than  100.' 

Tai'.le  3. — Composition  of  food  maieriala  and  feces  in  meiaboHsm  experiments  Xos.  o-lO. 


2  . 
So 


2783 
2796 
2782 
2789 
2795 
2821 
2835 
2839 
2788 
2781 
2790 
2798 
2819 
2785 
2793 
2801 
2827 
2833 
2843 
2784 
2799 
2800 
2826 
2836 
2846 
2802 
2804 
2815 
2803 
2834 
2844 
2830 
2840 
2831 
2842 
2829 
2841 
2780 
2791 
2797 
2817 
2823 
2779 


Fuud  material  and 
feces. 


Beef,  dried  . . 

do  

Beef,  cooked. 

do 

do 

do  

do  

do  


I  6 1  Nitre-    Car-    Hydro-^  ^^ 
a'A^   gen.      bon.    ;   gen. 


Per  ct.\Per  ct 


Ham,  deviled 6 

Eggs,  boiled \    5 

do  6 

do  7 

do  I    8 

Butter !    5 

do   

do   

do  

do  

do  

Milk,  whole 

do  

do  

do  

MUk,  Bkimmed 

do  

Bread,  rye 

do  

do  

Bread,  white 

do  

do  

Wheat  break  fant  food 

do  

Maize  breakfant  food. 
do     .   


6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
5 

8 
6 
9 

10 
9 

10  I 
9  ' 

10  ; 

Ginger  nnaps 1  0 

do   10 

BeanH.  baked 5 

do  6 

do  7 

do  8 

Apples I  8 

Pears,  canned 5 


3.93 

3.91 

4.59 

4.77 

4.08 

5.06 

4.10 

4.34 

2.64 

2.02 

2.24 

1.60 

1.98 

.17 

.16 

.19 

.25 

.19 

.10 

..53 

.48 

.56 

.55 

.52 

.53 

1.37 

1.34 

1.58 

1.33 

1.34 

1.33 

1.58 

1.75 

1.78 

1.88 

.96 

.02 

1.26 

1.15 

1.00 

1.05 

.04 

.04 


17.57 
14.31 
19.00 
21.28 
17.29 
21.62 
16.35 
16.31 
36.11 
14.89 
14.39 
10.96 
15.27 
66.84 
62.82 
62.75 
63.65 
62.68 
64.42 
7.58 
8.27 
6.76 
7.89 
4.04 
4.15 
25.32 
25.71 
27.65 
25.46 
24.53 
26.15 
41.32 
41.20 
44.34 
44.39 
44.45 
42.73 
13.53 
12.44 
12.66 
11.92 
6.40 
7.65 


Per  ct.  Per  ct. 
2.25  i    60.1 


Pro- 
tein 
(NX 
6.25). 


Fat. 


Carbo- 

hy. 
drates. 


2.16 

2.69 

3.05 

2.59 

3.11 

2.25 

2.34 

4.91 

2.28 

2.19 

1.77 

2.29 

10.46 

10.34 

9.84 

10.10 

10.27 

10.01 

1.14 

1.23 

.99 

1.15 

.57 

.61 

3.57 

3.53 

4.00 

3.85 

3.54 

3.84 

5.78 

6.03 

6.45 

6.49 

6.48 

6.45 

1.86 

1.73 

1.78 

1.70 

.07 

1.18 


65.4 

64.2 

60.3 

66.8 

59.8 

67.3 

67.6 

42.2 

74.5 

73.2 

79.9 

74.3 

8.1 

9.3 

9.7 

10.0 

10.2 

9.9 

85.3 

85.3 

87.0 

85.0 

90.7 

90.4 

44.0 

42.2 

37.1 

43.9 

44.7 

41.0 

7.5 

7.2 

5.6 

4.9 

5.2 

4.3 

68.8 

71.4 

70.9 

71.9 

84.8 

79.  t! 


Per  ct 

24.6 

24.4 

28.7 

29.8 

25.5 

31.6 

25.6 

27.2 

16.5 

12.6 

14.0 

10.0 

12.4 

1.1 

1.0 

1.2 

1.6 

1.2 

.6 

3.6 

3.0 

3.5 

3.4 

3.3 

3.3 

8.5 

8.4 

9.9 

8.3 

8.4 

8.3 

9.9 

10.9 

11.1 

11.8 

6.0 

5.8  j 

7.9  I 
7.2  I 
6.2  j 
6.0  I 

.2 
.3  , 


Per  ct. 

7.8 

2.8 

5.5 

8.7 

0.7 

7.1 

5.4 

3.3 

36.9 

11.0 

11.3 

9.1 

10.9 

88.3 

87.3 

85.9 

85.2 

84.8 

87.3 

5.4 

5.4 

4.8 

5.1 

.1 

.1 

.3 

.6 

.1 

1.6 

.2 

.2 

1.6 

1.5 

8.7 

8.2 

9.5 

6.2 

.6 

.4 

1.0 

.3 


Per  ct. 


4.9 

5.6 

3.9 

5.8 

5.1 

5.4 

45.6 

47.0 

51.2 

45.0 

44.3 

49.0 

77.7 

78.3 

71.1 

73.4 

75.6 

80.8 

20.6 

19.2 

19.9 

19.0 

14.2 

19.0 


Ash. 


Per  ct. 
7.6 
7.2 
1.8 
2.1 
1.3 
1.7 
1.6 
1.9 
4.0 
.9 
1.0 


'  U.  B.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  StatiouH  Bui.  44,  p.  25. 


31 

Table  3. — Composition  of  food  materials  arid  feces  in  metahoUsm  experiments  Nos.  5-10- 

Continued. 


>> 

u 
o 
"S  6 

r 

TO 

Food   material   and 
feces. 

a   . 

X 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Car- 
bon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Water. 

Pro- 
tein 

(NX 
6.25) 

Fat. 

Carbo- 
hy- 
drates. 

Ash. 

Heats  of 
combus- 
tion per 
gram,  de- 
termined. 

2792 

Pears,  canned 

Pears,  average  of  2779 
and  2792    

6 

7 

(') 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 

Per  ct. 
0.05 

.04 

1.31 
1.29 
1.81 
1.77 
1.19 
1.57 

Per  ct. 

7.01 

7.33 
42.10 
10.97 
10.64 
13. 43 
14.90 
12.60 
13.44 

Per  ct. 
1.18 

1.18 
6.48 
1.47 
1.56 
1.77 
2.04 
1.74 
1.82 

Per  ct. 

81.4 

80.5 

Per  ct. 
0.3 

.3 

Per  ct. 

0.2 

.5 

Per  ct. 
17.9 

18.5 

Per  ct. 

0.2 

.2 

4.0 
3.6 
5.2 
5.6 
4.4 
4.8 

Calories. 
0.759 

.769 

2786 
2806 

100.0 
5.1 

3.960 

78.2 
78.6 
71.0 
69.7 
72.9 
71.0 

8.2 
8.1 
11.3 
11.1 
7.4 
9.8 

4.5 

1.141 

2808 

do        

4.1  5.6 
4.9         7.6 
5.9         7.7 
3.9       11.4 

4.2  10.2 

1.194 

2810 

do  

1.530 

2825 

..do  

1.643 

2838 

do 

1.343 

2848 

do 

1.445 

Used  in  all  the  experiments. 


DETAILS   OF   METABOLISM   EXPERIMENT   NO.  5.' 

A  general  description  of  the  routine  of  the  experiments  and  an  expla- 
nation of  the  results  as  tabulated  can  best  be  given  in  connection  with 
the  details  of  one  of  the  experiments.  Number  5,  the  tirst  of  the  series 
here  described,  will  suffice  for  this  purpose,  although  this,  like  others 
of  the  earlier  experiments,  is  less  satisfactory  than  those  made  after 
experience  had  been  gained. 

This  experiment  began  May  4,  1897,  and  continued  four  days.  Tlie 
preliminary  period,  which  is  usually  four  days,  was  increased  in  this 
case  to  eight  days,  as  unexpected  circumstances  delayed  the  starting 
of  the  experiment  proper.  The  subject  entered  the  calorimeter  at  about 
9  o'clock  on  the  evening  of  May  3.  During  the  night  the  usual  meas- 
urements of  heat  were  made  and  the  temperatures  of  the  interior  of  the 
chamber — i.  e.,  (1)  the  air  inside,  (2)  the  incoming  and  outgoing  air  cur- 
rents, (3)  the  two  metal  walls  of  the  chamber,  and  (4)  the  air  immedi- 
ately surrounding  the  chamber,  were  brought  as  near  together  as 
practicable;  the  temiierature  and  rate  of  flow  of  the  water  current  were 
regulated  so  as  to  carry  out  the  heat  as  rapidly  as  it  was  given  off'  by 
the  subject,  and  other  details  of  manipulation  were  arranged  so  that 
when  the  experiment  began  at  7  a.  m..  May  4,  everything  was  in  satis- 
factory condition.  The  bed  and  bedding,  chair,  table,  etc.,  were  weighed 
before  and  after  the  experiments,  but  no  appreciable  changes  in  weight 
were  observed.  The  diet  was  more  varied  than  that  of  some  of  the 
later  experiments.  The  methods  of  sampling  were  not  satisfactory, 
which  may  account  in  part  for  the  unusually  wide  discrepancies  between 


'  Experiments  Nos.  1  to  4  were  reported  in  Bulletin  44  of  this  Office, 
metabolism  of  matter  only  was  studied. 


In  these  the 


32 

the  theoretical  values  for  income  and  those  actually  found  for  outgo  of 
energy.     The  daily  menu  in  this  experiment  was  as  follows: 

Table  4. — Daily  menu — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  5. 


MeDu. 


Grams. 


BREAKFAST. 

Boiled  eggs '  95 

Butter I  15 

Milk 250 

Rye  bread 100 

Sugar 15 

Coffee 290 

UINNKK.  I 

Beef,  fried j  120 

Butter 10 

Milk j  25 

Kye  bread 100 


Menu. 


DiNNEB — continued 

Baked  beans 

Canned  pears 

Sugar 

Coffee 

SUPPER. 

Dried  beef 

Butter 

Milk 

Bye  bread 

Sugar 

Coffee 


Grams. 


125 

150 

10 

300 

25 
10 
500 
125 
10 
30C 


The  beef  was  cooked  in  the  form  of  "Hamburg  steak;"  i.e.,  finely 
choi)i)ed  in  a  meat  cutter  and  Iried.  A  little  onion  was  added  to  make 
the  meat  palatable  to  the  subject.  The  eggs  were  "hard  boiled"  and 
were  eaten  with  salt  and  pepper.  The  quantity  of  pepper  was  too 
small  to  take  into  account  in  computing  the  income  of  organic  matter. 
The  dried  beef  was  eaten  cold  without  preparation  other  than  cutting 
in  thin  slices.  Ordinary  creamery  butter  was  used;  it  was  kept  in  a 
refrigerator,  together  with  the  baked  beans,  the  canned  pears,  and  the 
milk.  The  milk  was  procured  fresh  each  day,  as  was  the  bread,  which 
was  obtained  from  a  local  bakery.  Three  hundred  grams  of  warm  coffee 
infusion  was  served  with  each  meal;  it  was  prepared  in  the  usual  way. 

The  following  is  the  daily  i)rogramme  for  this  experiment,  although, 
owing  to  lack  of  experience,  it  was  not  followed  as  closely  as  in  the 
later  experiments: 

Table  .5. — Daily  programme — Metabolism  experiment  No.  6. 


7.0(1  a.  m  .. 

Rise,  i>aH«  urine,  uei;^h  self  dressed, 

6.30  p.  m  . . 

Sapper. 

collect  drip,  wi-i^jli  iiltHorbers. 

7.00  p.  m  .. 

Pass  urine,  collect  drip,  weigh  ab- 

7.30 a.  m  . . 

Urcakfant. 

sorbers. 

1.00  p.  m  .. 

Pbhb  urine,  collect  drip,  weigh  ab- 

10.00  p.  m  . 

Pads  urine,  drink  water,  weigh  self 

sorberH. 

dressed,  retire. 

i.:jo  p.  Ill .. 

Dinner. 

1.00  a.  m  .. 

Pass  urine. 

3.30  )i.  m  . . 

Drink  water. 

33 


The  diiiry  of  the  subject  was  begun  the  second  day.     It  is  summa- 
rized in  Table  G. 

Table  6. — Sitmmari/  of  diary — Metabolism  experiment  i\'o.  5. 


May 


00  a.m. 
45  a.m. 
00  a.m. 
00  m  . . . 
00  p.m. 
00  p.m. 
00  p.  m . 
50  p.m. 
00  a.  m . 
00  a.m. 
10  a.m. 
30  a.m. 
30  a.m. 
30  p.m. 
00  p.m. 
30  p.  m. 
45  p.m. 
10  p.m. 
30  p.m. 
20  p.m. 
30  p.  m. 
00  a.m. 
,10  a.  m. 
.40  a.m. 
,00  a.m. 
.00  m... 
,00  p.m. 
,00  p.m. 
OOj).  m. 
,10p.m. 
,00  p.  m. 
.00  p.m. 
.00  a.m. 
10  a.  m . 
20  a.m. 


Time. 


1807. 


"Weight  of 
subject 

with 
clothes. 


Kilograms. 
69.31 


69.64 


68.82 


Pulse 
rate  per 
minute. 


54 


73 


Tempera- 
ture. 


°F. 


97.4 
97.8 
98.8 
99.0 
99.6 
99.6 
99.2 


96.2 
98.0 
98.9 


99.6 
99.2 


99.0 
99.0 
98.8 


96.6 
98.6 
98.8 


96.8 


Hygrometer. 


Dry 
bulb. 


°C. 


20.5 
20.3 
20.7 
20.8 
21.0 
21.4 
20.9 
20.7 


21.0 
20.6 
20.3 
20.7 


20. 


21.0 
21.0 
20.8 
20.9 


21.1 
20.8 
21.2 
20.7 
21.0 


21.2 
22.2 
21.2 
20.8 


21.0 


"Wet 
bulb. 


°0. 


16.9 
15.9 
16.4 
16.6 
16.7 
16.9 
17.9 
17.2 


16.9 
16.5 
16.0 
16.8 


17.2 


16.9 

16.8 
16.0 
16.4 


16.2 
16.1 
16.2 
16.1 

16.0 


16.6 
19.6 
18.0 
17.0 


16.4 


The  subject  weighed  himself  on  a  platform  scale  sensitive  to  10  grams 
with  a  weight  of  75  kilograms  and  capable  of  weighing  100  kilograms. 
In  this  experiment  the  weight  of  the  subject  without  clothes  was  not 
taken.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  it  was  a  rest  experiment  and  the  sub- 
ject did  not  perspire  greatly  and  the  clothes  were  the  same  at  the  dif- 
ferent weighings,  the  figures  are  probably  not  far  out  of  the  way  as 
indications  of  the  changes  of  body  weight.  The  body  temperature 
was  taken  by  the  subject  with  a  registered  clinical  thermometer. 

12388— :^o.  09—02 3 


34 


EXPERIMENTAL   DATA   OF   INCOME. 

The  experimental  data  may  be  divided  into  two  groups — (1)  those 
pertaining  to  matter  and  energy  of  income  and  (2)  the  same  factors  of 
outgo.  The  resnlts  of  the  determinations  of  income  are  shown  in 
Tabk'  7.  These  data  inchide  the  determinations  of  nitrogen,  carbon, 
hydrogen,  and  water,  and  of  protein,  fats,  carbohydrates,  and  mineral 
matters  in  the  food.  The  weights  of  food  materials  used  each  day  are 
shown  in  the  table,  and  the  weights  of  the  difterent  elements  and  com- 
pounds are  calculated  by  means  of  the  figures  for  the  percentage 
composition  shown  in  Table  3. 

Table  7. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heats  of  combnation  of  foods — Metabolism  experi- 
ment No.  5. 


Lab- 
ora- 
torv 
No. 


Food  niat-erial. 


2782  Beef,  fried 

2783  Beef,  dried . 
2781  Eggs 

2785  Butter 

2784  Milk 

2802  Bread, rye  .... 

2786  Sugar 

2780  Beans,  baked  . 

8779  Pears,  canned . 

Total  .... 


^eight'^ 
per  day. 


Orams. 
120 
25 
95 
35 
775 
325 
35 
125 
150 


Orams. 

I      77.0 

15.0 

70.8 

I  2.8 
}  661.0 
\     143.0 


Pro- 
tein. 


Grams. 
34.4 
6.1 
12.0 
.4 
27.9 
27.9 


86.0 
119.3 


11, 174.  9       119. 1 


Fat. 


Grams. 

6.6 

1.9 

10.5 

30.9 

41.8 

1.0 


.7 
1.3 


Carbo- 


Grams. 


38.0 
148.2 
35.0 
25.8 
28.5 


275.5 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Carbon. 


Orams.  Grams. 


5.51 
.98 

1.92 
.06 

4.50 

4.45 


1.57 
.06 


19.05 


22.80 
4.39 
14.15 
23.39 
58.75 
82.29 
14.74 
16.91 
11.47 


Hydro- 
gen. 


Grams. 
3.23 
.56 
2.17 
3.66 
8.83 
11.60 
2.27 
2.33 
1.77 


248.89       36.42 


Heats  of 
combus- 
tion 
(deter- 
mined). 


Calories. 
253 
51 
169 
282 
690 
786 
139 
168 
117 


2,655 


EXPERIMENTAL   DATA   OF   OUTGO. 

The  data  of  outgo  are  given  in  Tables  8  to  12.  Table  8  shows  the 
Freight  of  fresh  fe(-es  and  of  the  elements  and  compounds  determined. 
These  weights  are  calculated  from  the  figures  for  percentage  of  composi- 
tion shown  in  Table  3  and  the  total  weight  of  fresh  feces.  Inasmuch  as 
the  feces  from  the  food  of  one  day  can  not  readily  be  separated  from 
those  of  the  preceding  or  following  day,  we  can  do  nothing  else  than 
assnme  that  the  undigested  residue  and  metabolic  products  of  which 
they  are  composed  are  essentially  uniform  from  day  to  day.  Even  11 
there  were  irregularities  from  day  to  day,  they  would  hardly  be  large 
enough  to  atlect  materially  the  results  for  each  day,  nor  can  they  at  all 
affect  the  average  for  the  whole  experiment. 

Tablb  8. —  JVeif/ht,  composition,  and  heats  of  combustion  of  fresh  feces — Metabolism 

experiment  No.  5. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 

Weight. 

Wat«r. 

Pro- 
tein. 

Kilt. 

Oarbo- 

I'.v 
d rates. 

Nltro. 
gen. 

Carl)On. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heataof 

com- 
bustion 
(deter- 
mined) . 

2806 

Total,4day8 

Average,  1  day  .. 

Oram^. 
502 
126 

Oram*. 
392.6 
98.2 

Orami. 
41.2 
10.3 

Orams. 
22.6 

5.7 

Grams. 
25.6 
6.4 

Grams. 
6.58 
1.65 

Orams. 
55.07 
13.77 

Orams. 
7.38 
1.85 

Calories. 
573 
143 

35 

Table  9  shows  the  amount,  specific  gravity,  and  percentage  composi- 
tion of  the  urine  in  six-hour  periods  for  the  time  of  the  experiment  and 
the  twenty-four  hours  subsequent.  From  these  data  are  calculate<l  the 
weights  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  water  eliminated  in  the 
urine.  The  nitrogen  is  determined  in  the  fresh  urine  for  each  period 
and  also  in  the  composite  sample  of  nrine  for  each  day  and  in  the  com- 
posite sample  for  the  four  days  of  the  experiment.  It  has  been  assumed 
that  any  differences  in  the  quantities  of  nitrogen  as  determined  in  the 
sample  for  each  six-hour  period  and  iu  the  composite  sample  for  the 
day  would  be  due  rather  to  small  errors  of  sampling  than  to  errors  of 
analysis.  For  this  reason  the  figures  for  the  determinations  by  six-hour 
l)eriods  are  used  for  the  comi^utations  taken  rather  than  those  for  the 
coujposite  for  the  day  or  for  the  whole  experiment,  where  discrepancies 
occur. 

It  is  hardly  practicable  to  dry  samples  of  fresh  urine  each  day  for  the 
determination  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  heats  of  combustion.  Accord- 
ingly, a  composite  sample  representing  the  urine  of  the  four  days  of 
each  experiment  was  dried  and  used  for  determinations  of  carbon  and 
hydrogen  and  heat  of  combustion.  The  heat  of  combustion  was  also 
determined  in  composite  samples  of  the  fresh  urine  each  day  as 
explained  above,  page  23.  The  precautions  taken  to  avoid  error 
through  loss  of  nitrogen  and  carbon  during  the  drying  of  the  urine 
have  also  been  described  on  page  22. 

The  data  thus  obtained  show  the  quantities  of  nitrogen  in  the  urine 
for  each  day  and  for  the  four  days  of  the  experiment,  while  those  for 
the  quantities  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  water-free  substance  are 
obtained  for  the  four  days  and  must  be  computed  for  the  individual 
days  of  the  experiment.  In  making  these  computations  it  is  assumed 
that  the  ratio  of  nitrogen  to  carbon,  hydrogen,  or  water  free  substance 
will  be  the  same  for  each  individnal  day  as  for  the  four  days.  Thus 
the  amount  of  nitrogen  in  the  urine  of  the  first  day  of  this  experiment 
was  20.25  grams,  and  that  for  the  whole  experiment  72.25  grams.  The 
carbon  for  the  whole  four  days  was  46.52  grams.  The  computations  for 
tlie  amount  of  carbon  in  the  urine  for  the  first  day  would  then  be  as 
follows:  72.25:  46.52::  20.25:  x  (=13.04).  This  method  for  computing 
the  daily  quantities  of  carbon  excreted  in  the  urine  differs  from  that 
employed  in  the  case  of  the  feces,  in  which  latter  the  amounts  of  both 
nitrogen  and  carbon  were  taken  as  the  same  from  day  to  day.  The 
reason  for  this  is  simple.  We  know  that  the  quantities  of  nitrogen  and 
carbon  in  the  urine  vary  from  day  to  day,  and  have  means  for  telling 
approximately  the  amounts  thus  excreted.  We  do  not  know,  nor  have 
we  any  means  for  learning  exactly  how  much  of  the  nitrogen,  or  carbon, 
or  other  element  of  the  food  for  each  day  is  absorbed  on  that  or  any 
[other  day,  but  there  seems  to  be  good  reason  for  believing  that  the 
jabsorption  is  nearly  uniform  from  day  to  day  so  long  as  food,  exercise, 
and  other  conditions  remain  the  same.    Even  if  the  last  assumption, 


36 

namely,  the  uniforin  absori)tion  of  food  in  the  alimentary  canal,  is  not 
correct,  we  ba\'e  no  means  whatever  for  determining^  the  variations  and 
tliere  is  notliing  else  to  do  but  assume  the  regularity.  But  we  have 
the  actual  data  for  calculating  the  quantities  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydro- 
gen, and  water-free  substance  excreted  in  the  urine  each  day  and,  ] 
niMkiiii,^  the  nssnmption  regarding  nitrogen  lag  mentioned  above,  the 
method  of  calculation  here  used  seems  logical. 

Tablk  il. — Amounts  and  vomposilion  of  urine — Metabolism  experiment  No.  5.  , 


Date.                           I'erio.l. 

Amount. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Nitrogen. 

(Jarbon. 

1897. 
May  4-5 

Orams. 
297.8 
871.3 
698.9 
220.1 

1.026 
1.011 
1.011 
1.019 

Per  cent. 

1.52 

.77 

.81 

1.52 

Grams. 
4.53 
6.71 
5.66 
3.35 

Per  cent. 

Orami. 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

Total 

2,  088. 1 
2,  088. 1 

20. 25 
20.25 

13.04 

Total  by  composite 

1.017 

.97 

5-fl 

345.5 

795.7 
932.9 
218.7 

1.015 
1.011 
1.008 
1.017 

.91 

.75 

.58 

1.32 

3.14 
5.97 
5.41 
2.89 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  in 

1 

Total 

2,  292.  8 
2,  292.  8 

17.41 
17.43 

11.21 

1.013 

.76 

J                   I 

ft-7 

532.8 

1,404.5 

245.  .-i 

1.014 
1.012 

I.OIG 

.81 
.66 

1.20 

4.32 
9.67 

3   17 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m  ^ 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  ni.i 

Total 

2, 242.  8 
2,242.8 

17.  10 
17.27 

11  05 

Total  by  i'oniposite 

7  a.  III.  I"  1  p.  Ill 

1.014 

.77 



7-8 

405.  7 
727.2 
914.0 
4.00. 2 

1.016 
1.010 
1.010 
l.OU) 

.96 

.65 
,57 
.80 

3.89 
4.73 
5.21 
3.60 

7  p.  in.  to  1  a.  ni 

1  a.  111.  to  7  a.  Ill 

Total ;.. 

2,  497.  1 
2. 497. 1 

17.43 
17.48 

11.22 

Total  by  coiiiimsito 

Total  for  4  days,  by 

1.011 

.70 

9, 120. 8 
9, 120.  8 

72.25 
72.43 

f'ompoBiti!  for  4  ilays.. 



.79 

0  51 

46.  .52 

8-0 

351.4 
2,')0.  0 
264.1 
441.6 

1.022 
1.027 
1.016 
1.012 

.87 
1.30 
1.09 
1.06 

3.06 
3.25 

2.88 
4.68 

1  i>.  III.  to  7  ]>,  111 

7  p.  ni.  to  1  a  III 

1  a.  Ill  to  7  a.  Ill 

ToUl  

1,  307. 1 

13.87 

8.03 

37 

Table  9. — Amounts  and  composition  of  urine — Metabolism  experiment  No.  5 — Cont'd. 


Dale. 

Period. 

Hydrogen. 

Beats  of  combustion. 

Per  gram. 

Total. 

1897. 
May  4-5 

Per  cent. 

Grams, 

Per  cent. 

Orams. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

4.09 

2, 007.  3 

.071 

148 

6-6 

Total         -          

3.52 

2, 223.  4 

.052 

119 



6-7 

1  p.  m.  to7  p.  m^ 

! 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  mi 

1 

Total 

/ 

3.46 

2, 174.  3 

.055 

123 



7-8 

1                   1 

1                   1 

Total 

3.52 

2,427.6 

.049 

122 

Total  for  4  days,  by 

512 

Composite  for  4  days. . 

0.16 

14.59 

96.84 

8, 832.  6 

.056 

1511 

8-9 

i 

1 

Total 

2.79 

1,251.8 

.056 

73 

'  Total  heat  of  combustion  as  determined  in  dried  urine  gives  556  calories  (see  p.  23).  As  the  dried 
sample  did  not  suffice  for  a  repetition  of  this  determination  we  have  no  explanation  to  offer  for  the 
discrepancy  between  the  determinations  by  the  two  methods. 


The  determinations  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  exhaled  by  the  sub- 
ject are  given  in  Tables  10  and  11.  The  methods  of  calculation  are 
explained  by  the  small  letters  above  the  headings  of  each  column. 
Table  10  shows  the  amount  of  air  which  was  drawn  through  the  cham- 
ber of  the  calorimeter  during  each  six-hoar  period,  and  the  milligrams 
per  liter  of  carbon  dioxid  in  the  incoming  air  and  in  the  outgoing  air. 
These  values  are  shown  in  columns  a,  b,  and  c.  The  diflerence  between 
the  last  two  gives  the  excess  of  carbon  dioxid  in  the  outgoing  air  current, 


38 

which,  multiplied  by  the  total  number  of  liters  of  air  in  the  ventilating 
current  gives  the  total  weight  of  carbon  dioxid  exhaled,  as  shown  in 
column  (\  Column  /'  shows  the  weight  of  carbon  in  the  carbon  dioxid 
exhaled.  In  Table  11  are  similar  data  for  the  water  given  off  by  the 
subject.  The  plan  of  this  table  differs  from  that  of  Table  10  in  that  the 
major  part  of  the  water  is  condensed  in  the  freezers.  The  amount  not 
so  condensed  is  determined  the  same  way  as  the  total  amount  of  carbon 
dioxid  exhaled  and  is  .shown  in  column  d,  while  column /gives  the  total 
amount  of  water  exhaled. 

Table  10. — Jiecord  uf  carbon  dioxid  in  ventilating  air  current — MetahoUsm  experiment 

No.  5. 


Period. 

Volume    of    ^ 
ventilating    »■ 
air  current. 

Carbon  dioxid  per  liter^ 

(e) 

S.Si 

o  o  * 

2.£fx 

(/) 

Date. 

(6) 

at. 

S.9 

M 

(c) 

o  bO 

fl.S 

M 

(rf) 

Sot-.:. 

aj  Ml'S-o 

o  ^  n  « 

Total    weight 
of  carbon  ex- 
haled in  car- 
bon    dioxid 
(e  X  A). 

1897. 
May  4-5 

Liters. 
25,  936 
26, 203 
26, 307 
26, 154 

Mgs. 

0.611 

.781 

.640 

.634 

Mgs. 

10.510 

10. 144 

9.547 

5.737 

Mgs. 
9.899 
9.363 
8.907 
5.103 

Orams. 
250.7 
245. 9 
235.2 
133.5 

Orams. 

70.0 

07.1 

64.1 

36.4 

Total 

104,  750 

871.3 

237.6 

5-6 

26, 158 
26, 885 
27, 110 
26,  792 

.671 
.816 
.620 
.709 

9.037 

10.  303 

0.868 

5.733 

8.366 
9.547 
9.248 
5.024 

218.8 
256.7 
250.7 
134.5 

59.6 

70.0 

68.4 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  lu 

36.7 

Total 

106, 945 

860.7 

234.  7 

6-7 

26, 426 
26,  861 
27, 273 
26, 100 

.704 
.551 
.578 
.894 

8.781 
9.358 
8.761 
5.833 

8.077 
8.807 
8.183 
4.939 

213.4 
236.0 
223.2 
128.9 

58.2 

64.5 

60.9 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  lu 

35.1 

Total 

106,  660 

802.1 

218.7 

7-8 

25,  577 
26, 045 

26,  240 
26,9.38 

.628 
.731 
.657 
.605 

9.290 
10.464 
10. 313 

5.650 

8.662 
9.733 
9.656 
5.045 

221.5 
253.5 
253.4 
135.9 

60.4 

1  p.  in.  to  7  p.  in 

69.1 

69.1 

37.1 

Total 

104,  800 

804.3 

235. 7 

Total  for  •»  daj-» 

423, 155 

3,398.4 

926.7 

39 


Table  11. — Record  of  water  in  ventilatimj  air  current — Metabolism  experiment  No,  5. 


Period. 

Volume  of  ventilating    -g- 
air  current.               ■-' 

Water  per  liter— 

(e) 

U 

u 

a 

i 

i 

(3) 

|1 

="  a 

0  bo 
'S  a 
ga 

0  a 

{h) 

Date. 

(6) 

be 

a 

a 

o 
o 
a 

a 

M 

(c) 

u 
■3 

SB 

a 
0 

6* 
1 

(d) 

n 

'3 

11 

c"3 

3    . 

g  be 

1 

.a 
«   . 

l| 

o 

1897.      ! 

May  4-5     7a.m.tolp.m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p. m 

7p.m.  to  ]  a.m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a. m 

Liters. 
25, 936 
26,  263 
26,  397 
26, 154 

Mgg. 
1.171 
1.050 
1.038 
.874 

Mgs. 
1.329 
1.210 
1.230 
1.006 

Mgs. 

0.158 
.160 
.192 
.132 

Gram». 
4.1 
4.2 
5.1 
3.4 

Grama. 
233.8 
237.2 
252.1 
223.6 

Grams.'  Grams. 

194.4   

—  4.8    

—  71.0  ' 

Total 

104,  750 

16.8 

946.7 

118.6  1  1,082.1 

5_6     '     7   o     m     +r>  1    T.    m 

26, 158       1. 022 
26, 885         .  992 
27, 110  I     1.  Oil 
26,792  1      .924 

1.118 
1.284 
1.215 
1.178 

.096 
.292 
.204 
.254 

2.5 

7.8 
5.6 
6.8 

220.6 
244.9 
275.2 
209.8 

1  p.m.to7  p.m 

7p.m.  to  1  a.m 

1  a.m.lo  7a.m 

Total 

56.7 
62.2 
50.9 



106,  945 

22.7  1     950.5 

169.8 

1,143.0 

7  a.m. to  1  p.m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total    

1  040 



1  212 

6-7 

26,  426 

26,  861 

27,  273 
26, 100 

179. 

4  6  1     950  2 

.922 
.895 
.786 

1.134         .212 

1.115         .220 

.  941         .  155 

5.7 
6.0 
4.0 

245.4 
227.6 
196.3 

26.7 

55.9 

—  32.8 

106, 660 

20.3 

891.5 

49.8 

961.6 

7  a. m. to  1  p.m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7p.m. to  1  a.m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

1 

7-8 

25  577  '        "Qfi 

1.187  1      .301 

1.064         .166 

1.  074         .  261 

.  927         .  234 

7.7 
4.3 
6.9 
6.3 

202.6 
218.0 
272.1 
226.3 

26, 045 
26, 240 
26,  938 

.898 
.813 
.693 

17.5 
28.2 
63.2 

104,  800 

25.2       919.0 

108.9 

1,  053. 1 

Total  for  4  days. 

423, 155 

85.0  Is.  707. 7 

447.1 

4,239.8 

1 

1  Upon  the  surface  of  the  absorbers,  see  p.  53  under  description  of  experiment  No.  6. 

The  details  of  the  calorimetric  measurements  in  these  experiments 
are  far  too  extensive  to  be  given  here.  Their  nature  is  explained  and 
illustrations  are  given  in  another  j)ublication.'  The  fundamental  data 
are  given  in  Table  12.  This  shows  in  column  a  the  amount  of  heat 
measured  in  calories  by  the  current  of  water  at  the  average  range  of 
temperature  of  the  water  currents  shown  in  column  h.  In  column  d 
this  heat  is  corrected  to  calories  at  20°  C,  the  temperature  to  which 
all  the  measurements  are  reduced.  Columns  e  to  g  show  the  correc- 
tions for  the  heat  capacity  of  the  apparatus  and  for  the  temperature 
of  food  and  dishes.  Column  h  shows  the  quantity  of  water  vaporized 
in  the  calorimeter  and  column  /  gives  the  amount  of  heat  calculated  as 
having  been  used  to  vaporize  this  water  and  thus  carried  out  with  the 


1  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  63. 


40 

vapor  in  the  outgoing  air  current.  In  these  calculations  the  factor 
0.592  is  used  as  representing  the  latent  heat  of  vaporization  of  water.' 
Column  A'  shows  the  corrected  amounts  of  heat  carried  out  of  the 
apparatus — i.  e.,  the  excess  of  the  amount  carried  out  over  that  brought 
in  during  the  period  named. 


Taiu.e  12. — Sunniiarif  of  calorimetric  measurements — Metaholism  experiment  No.  5. 


Date. 

Period. 

(a) 

n  . 

+=  S 

t«  u 
o  o 

Average  range  in 
temperature   be- 
tween incoming    ^ 
and    outgoing    "^ 
water  fj  to  t-t. 

3 

('0 

0     = 

So 

a° 

p  a  S 

O 

1897. 
May  4-5 

Calories. 
r,82.  4 
49G.  1 
520.1 
265.7 

Degrees. 
4.  78-13.  99 
4.  34-14. 31 
4.  93-15. 63 
10.  36-15.  85 

1. 0033 
1. 0032 
1. 0026 
1.0016 

Calorics. 
584.  .T 
497.7 
521.5 
266.1 

Degrees. 
—0.20 

+  .65 

—  .30 

.40 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

Total 

1,864.3 

1,869.0 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  Ml 

5-0 

522.7 
557.1 
528.6 
318.2 

3. 30-14.  26 
3. 24-14. 80 
4.59-16.07 
6.  91-15.  21 

1.  0036 
1.  0035 
1. 0030 
1. 0026 

524.6 
559.1 
530.2 
319.0 

+  .40 

-1-  .75 

1.20 

1  a.  in.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

—  .20 

1, 920. 0 

1,  932.  9 

6-7 

489.0 
537.6 
494.3 
309.4 

3, 90-14.  34 
3. 57-14.  42 
4. 19-14.  93 
9.  02-15. 82 

1. 0035 
1.0036 
1. 0033 
1.  0020 

490.7 
539.5 
495. 9 
310.0 

-I-  .35 

+  .80 
.70 

.30 

Total 

1, 830.  3 

1 

1, 830. 1 

' 

7-8 

483.4 
513.4 
514.8 
284.4 

3.13-15.51 

;t.  21-16. 59 

4. 46-16.  68 

10. 67-17.  26 

1.0035 
1,0033 
1. 0028 
1.  0014 

485.1 
515.1 
516. 2 
284.8 

-1-  .70 

4-  .30 

.55 

1  a.  m.  to7  a.  ni 

Total , 

—  .05 

1,796.0 

1,801.2 

Total  tor  4  (lay H 

7,417.2 

7, 439. 8 

'For  a  (liscnsHioTi  of  tliiH  value,  see  U.  tS.  Dcpt.  Agr.,  Oftice  of  Experiment  Stations 
Bui.  G3,  i».  57. 


41 

Table  12. — Summarn  of  calorimefric  measurements — MetahoJism  e.rperiment  No.  5- 

Coutiuucd. 


Date. 

Period. 

(/) 

o    . 

o§ 
■-mX 
o  « 

o  ® 
>sS 

11 

Correction  due  to  tem- 
perature of  food  and    S; 
dishes.                             "" 

Water    vaporized, 
equals  total  amount    ^ 
exhaled  less  amount     s- 
condensed  in  cham-    "^ 
ber. 

(1) 

o    • 

"  o 

(k). 

1 
2  + 

^5s 

i$ 

"ci 

o 
H 

1897. 
May  4-5 

Calories. 
—12 
+  39 
—18 
—24 

Calories. 

—  21.3 
-17.5 

—  10.6 

Oramg. 
237.9 

241.4 
257.2 
227.0 

Calorics. 
140.8 
142.9 
152.3 
134.4 

Calories. 
691.8 

662. 1 

645.2 

376.5 

Total 

-15 

—  49.4 

963.5 

570.4 

2,  375.  6 

5-6 

+24 
+45 
—72 
—12 

—  20.3 

—  9.6 

—  12.5 

223.1 
252.7 
280.8 
216.6 

132.1 
149.6 
166.2 
128.2 

660.4 

744.1 

7  p.  in.  to  1  a.  m 

611.9 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

435.2 

—15 

—  42.4 

973.  2 

570.1 

2,451.6 

6  7 

+21 
+  48 
-42 
—18 

—  13.6 

—  14.7 

—  1?..  8 

226.  8 
251.1 
233.6 
200.3 

134.3 
148.6 
138.3 
118.6 

632.4 

721.4 

578.4 

410.6 

Total 

+  9 

—  42.1 

911.8 

210.3 
222.3 
279.0 
232.6 

539.8 

2,  342. 8 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

7-8 

+  42 
+  18 
—33 
—  3 

—  17.8 

—  4.9 

—  15.3 

124.5 
131.6 
165.2 
137.7 

633.8 

659.8 

633.1 

419.5 

Total 

+24 

—  38.0 

944.2 

559.0 

2,  346.  2 

+  3 

—171. 9 

3, 792.  7 

2, 245. 3 

9, 516. 2 

COMPUTED   DATA   OF   INCOME   AND   OUTGO. 

FroDi  the  experimental  data  just  recorded  the  income  and  outgo  of 
nitrogen,  carbon,  and  hydrogen,  jirotein,  fat,  and  energy  are  comi)uted. 
Table  13  shows  the  comj)uted  income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon 
in  metabolism  experiment  No.  5.  The  values  in  columns  a,  b,  and  c  are 
taken  from  Tables  7,  8,  and  9,  respectively. 

The  quantities  in  column  d  represent  the  gain  or  loss  of  nitrogen  for 
each  day  and  for  the  whole  experiment.  Since  the  subject  had  been  upon 
the  same  diet  for  four  days  previous  to  the  commencement  of  the  experi- 
ment, it  was  to  be  expected  that  he  would  be  in  approximate  nitrogen 
equilibrium.  This  expectation  was  realized,  as  the  figures  show.  There 
was  a  slight  loss  of  nitrogen,  2.8  grams,  the  first  day;  the  remaining 
three  days  there  was  almost  exact  equilibrium.  We  find  it  often  the 
case  that  the  loss  of  nitrogen  is  greater  or  the  gain  less  on  the  first  than" 
on  the  succeeding  days.    Assuming  that  the  nitrogen  lag  is  short,  this 


42 

may  perhaps  be  connected  with  the  slight  mental  excitement  which 
accompanies  the  accommodating  of  the  snbject  to  the  conditions  of  life 
in  the  chamber.  The  average  for  the  four  days  shows  a  loss  of  0.7  ol 
a  gram  of  nitrogen  per  day. 

The  data  for  income  and  outgo  of  carbon  are  likewise  obtained  from 
previous  tables,  and  the  values  in  column  k  show  the  computed  loss  ol 
carbon  for  each  day  and  during  the  whole  experiment.  It  will  be  seen 
that  the  subject  was  nearly  in  carbon  as  well  as  nitrogen  equilibrium. 

Tablk  13. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiment  No.  5. 


^ 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

(a) 

(6) 

(0 

(d) 

(e) 

</) 

io) 

(h) 

(k) 

Date. 

Period. 

'6 

o 

a 

M 

S 

a 

M 

o 

_a 

'u 

S 

a 

M 

u 
o 

+  1  + 

5 
<2 
a 

M 

01 

o 
a 

M 

a 
'E 

s 
a 

M 

hi 

•s  °  1 

t3      « 

1897. 

Qrams. 

Qrams 

Qrams. 

Qrams. 

Qrams. 

Qrams. 

Qrams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

May  4-5 

7a.n>.  to  7  a.m. 

19.1 

1.6 

20.3 

-2.8 

248.9 

13.8 

13.0 

237.6 

-15.6 

5-6 

do 

19.0 
19.) 
19.0 

1.7 
1.6 
1.7 

17.4 
17.2 

17.4 

—  .1 
+  .3 

—  .1 

248.9 
248.9 
248.9 

13.7 
13.8 
13.8 

11.2 
11.1 
11.2 

234.7 
218.7 
235.7 

—10.7 

6-7 

do 

+  5.3 

7  8 

do 

-11.8 

Total,  4  days... 

76.2 

6.6 

72.3 

-2.7 

995  6 

55.1 

46.5 

926.7 

—32.7 

Average,  Iday. 

19.1 

1.7 

18.1 

—  .7 

248.9 

13.8 

11.6 

231.7 

-  8.2 

In  this  experiment  the  subject  was  allowed  drinking  water  whenever 
and  in  such  quantities  as  he  desired.  The  coffee  infusion,  as  already 
stated,  contained  practically  no  nitrogen,  the  amount  per  liter  being 
found  by  analysis  to  be  less  than  0.05  gram.  This  quantity,  amount- 
ing to  less  than  0.2  gram  of  nitrogen  for  the  whole  experiment,  has 
been  ignored,  and  the  coffee  infusion  lias  been  considered  simply  as  so 
much  water.  The  amounts  of  coffee  infusion  and  of  water  consumed 
on  tlie  different  days  of  this  experiment  are  as  follows: 

Record  of  water  and  coffee  consumed — Metabolism  experiment  No.  5. 


Date. 

Cofifee 
infusion. 

Water. 

Total 
drink. 

May  4 

Grams. 
862.3 
897.  6 
890.9 
894. 5 

Grams. 
870.6 
849.8 
665.0 
977.6 

Grains. 
1,732.9 

1,  747. 4 

6 

1,561.9 

7 

1,872.1 

Total 

3,551.3 

3, 363. 0 

6, 914. 3 

At  esu'M  meal  a  vessel  containing  300  grams  of  unsweetened  coffee 
infnsinn  wns  jjasscd  in  to  the,  subject.  The  amoujit  a(;tually  consumed 
depended  upon  the  (carefulness  with  which  the  vessel  was  drained.    It 


43 

was  determined  by  weighing  the  vessel  when  it  was  passed  in  and 
when  it  was  taken  out,  the  diflerence  between  these  weights  being  tlie 
amount  consumed. 

In  Table  14  the  income  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen  are  com- 
puted. Column  a  shows  the  amount  of  water  in  the  food  materials 
consumed  each  day,  and  column  h  the  amount  consumed  as  drink,  either 
as  water  or  in  the  form  of  coffee.  The  values  in  columns  e,  d,  and  e 
are  taken  from  previous  tables  and  serve  in  the  calculations  of  the 
apparent  loss  of  water  shown  in  column  f.  Tlie  quantities  in  this 
column  are  always  negative,  since  the  water  given  oft'  in  the  respira- 
tory products  is  derived  not  only  from  water  taken  into  the  system  in 
food  and  drink,  but  also  from  the  oxidation  of  hydrogen  of  organic 
compounds.  The  quantities  in  column  g,  Ji,  and  i  represent  the  amounts 
of  hydrogen  in  organic  combination  in  the  food,  feces,  and  urine,  and 
the  values  in  column  /  show  the  apparent  gains  of  hydrogen.  The 
quantities  in  this  column  are  always  positive,  owing  to  the  fact  that 
tlie  most  of  the  hydrogen  in  organic  combination  in  the  food  is  elimi- 
nated, not  in  organic  combination  in  tlie  feces  and  urine,  but  in  the 
form  of  water  in  the  urine  or  respiratory  products.  The  gain  or  loss 
of  hydrogen  for  the  experiment  is  calculated  by  adding  together  the 
hydrogen  apparently  lost  as  water  (column  /)  and  the  hydrogen  in 
organic  combination  apparently  gained  (column  I).  This  total  gain 
or  loss  of  hydrogen  is  shown  in  column  7i.  There  was  thus  a  small  cal- 
culated loss  of  hydrogen  during  the  experiment,  which  would  correspond 
to  about  185  grams  of  water  per  day.  These  estimates  of  quantities  of 
hydrogen  here  and  elsewhere  in  the  present  bulletin  are  given  for  what 
they  are  worth.  We  hope  to  be  able  later  to  study  this  and  other 
details  bearing  upon  the  correction  of  the  estimates. 

Table  14. — Income  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiment  No.  5. 


Period. 

Water. 

Date. 

(a) 

tS 

H 

(6) 

p 
'u 

a 

M 

(c) 

i 

a 

(d) 

6 
a 
'E 

3 

a 

M 

(e) 

o 

©  p. 

a 

M 

2.1 

1897. 
May  4-5 
5-6 

Gram,s. 
1, 174. 9 
1, 174. 9 
1, 174. 9 
1, 174.  9 

Grams. 
1,  732. 9 
1,  747. 4 
1,561.9 
1,872.1 

Grams.      Grams. 
98.2       2,007.3 
98.1       2,223.4 
98.  2       2, 174.  3 
98.1       2,427.6 

Grams. 
1, 082. 1 

1. 143. 0 
961.6 

1. 053. 1 

Grams. 
279.8 

do 

542  2 

6-7 

do 

497.3 

7-8 

do 

Total  for  4  days 

Average  for  1  day 

—    531.8 

4,  699. 6 
1, 174. 9 

6, 914.  3 
1,  728.  6 

392. 6       8, 832.  6 
98. 2       2, 208.  2 

4, 230. 8 
1,  059.  9 

-1,851.1 
—    462.8 

44 

Tablk  14. — Tncomr  and  ouii/o  of  uaiir  (i)nl  Inidrofien  —  Meiahort»m  e.rperiment  No.  /i- 

Contiuued. 


Hydrogen. 

(S) 

(h) 

(i) 

(I) 

(m) 

(«) 

^ 

a 

^-^i 

iJate. 

Period. 

bti^ 

ft 

i+ 

go 
§.|. 

.9  '^ 

r^ 

a 

to  1 

o 

o 

a^ 

"ffl   OD 

M 

H 

a 

M 

< 

o 

►4 

O  O 

1897. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Mav  4-5 

36.4 
36.4 
36.4 
36.4 

1.9 

1.8 
1.9 
1.8 

4.1 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 

h  30.4 
+  31.1 
+  31.0 
4-  31.1 

—  31.1 

—  60.2 

—  55.3 

—  59.1 

—  0.7 

5-6 

do  

—29.1 

6-7 

do                

—24.3 

7-8 

do 

—28.0 

Total  for  4  days 

145.6 

7.4 

14.6  1     +123.6 

—205.  7 

—82.1 

Average  for  1  day 

3C.4 

1.9 

3.7  '     +30.9 

—  51.4 

—20.5 

111  Table  15  are  calculations  of  the  gain  or  loss  of  protein,  fat,  and 
water  in  tliis  experiment.  If  nitrogen  is  gained,  a  corresponding  gain 
of  protein  is  assumed;  if  nitrogen  is  lost,  a  correspouding  loss  of  i^ro- 
tein  is  likewise  assumed.  The  protein  compounds  are  here  assumed  to 
contain,  on  the  average,  10  per  cent  of  nitrogen,  53  per  cent  of  car- 
bon, and  7  per  cent  of  hydrogen.  Accordingly  the  gain  or  loss  of  pro- 
tein is  computed  by  multiplying  the  gain  or  loss  of  nitrogen  by  6.25, 
and  is  shown  in  column  1/.  Whatever  protein  is  gjiined  or  lost  must 
contain  certain  proportions  of  carbon  and  hydrogen,  the  computed 
amounts  of  which  are  shown  in  columns  d  and  h. 


Tahlk  15.- 


-dain  or  Ions  of  j}7-otein  (N  X  C>. 35),  fat,  and  icater — Metabolism  experiment 
No.  5. 


(a) 

W 

(c) 

(d) 

(0 

(/) 

.- 

.-^ 

«  S 

C  5-i 

r  ^  X 

o-^ 

c,    1 

o  ° 

■|S  ~  « 

Date. 

Period. 

C!   ~     . 

a     ^ 

1  = 

otal 
gahie 
lost  (- 

I'll 

C3    CO 

'A~ 

Ph 

H 

Gratiis. 

Grams. 

^..2 

1897. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

Oramt. 

Orama. 

May  4-5 
5-6 

2.8 

—17.5 

—15.5 

9.3 

—  0.2 

—  8.2 

do 

—  .1 
+  .3 

—  .1 

—  .6 
+  1.8 

—  .0 

-10.7 
+  5.3 
-11.8 

+  1.0 
—  .3 

—  10.4 
+  4.3 

—13.7 

0-7 

do 

1-  5.7 

7-« 

do - --- 

—11.5 

—15.1 

Totnl  for  4  < 

iiyn 

2  7 

—  Ui.i) 

-32.7 

—8.9 

-23.8 

—31. 3 

A  viiriiKti  lor 

1  day 

-  .7 

—  4.2 

—  8,2 

2.  'J 

—  6.0 

-  7.8 

45 


Table  15. 


-(lain  or  Josh  of  protein,  (N  X  ().35),  fot,  and  water- 
No.  5 — Continued. 


-Metabolism  experiment 


Date. 


1897. 

May  4-5 

5-6 

6-7 

7-8 


Period. 


7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

do 

do 

do 


Total  for  4  days 

Average  for  1  day  . 


to) 


Orams. 
—  0.7 
—29.1 
—24.3 
—28.0 


—82.1 
—20.5 


s+T 
ft—— 

<u  aj  op 

w 


Grams. 
—1.2 
-  .1 

+  -l 
.0 


—1.2 
—  .3 


(i) 

+j  (J    . 

■9+x 

III 
n 


Orams. 

—1.0 
—1.6 

+  .7 
—1.8 


-3.7 


(k) 


Grams. 

+  1.5 
—27.4 
—25.1 
—26.2 


—77.2 
—19.3 


(I) 

+T 


GraWiS. 

-I-  13.5 
—246.  6 
—225.  9 
—235. 8 


—694.  8 
—173.  7 


Making  certain  arbitrary  assumptions,  the  total  carbon  gained  or 
lost  less  tlie  carbon  in  protein  gained  or  lost  gives  the  amount  of  car- 
bon gained  or  lost  in  the  form  of  fat.  It  is  probable  that  the  amount 
of  glycogen  in  the  body  at  the  time  of  rising,  7  a.  in.,  is  nearly  the 
same  from  day  to  day,  so  that  this  assumption  probably  involves  no 
serious  error.  It  is  assumed  that  average  body  fat  contains  76.08  per 
cent  of  carbon,  and  the  amount  of  fat  gained  or  lost  is  consequently 
computed  by  dividing  the  carbon  gained  or  lost  in  fat  by  .7608,  as 
shown  in  column  /".  Assuming'  tliat  fat  contains  11.8  ])er  cent  ot  hydro- 
gen, the  amount  of  hydrogen  gained  or  lost  in  the  form  of  fat  is  com- 
puted and  results  are  given  in  column  i.  The  difference  between  the 
total  hydrogen  gained  or  lost  and  that  in  the  protein  and  fat  gained 
or  lost  is  here  taken  as  representing  the  hydrogen  gained  or  lost  in  the 
form  of  water.  The  gains  and  losses  of  hydrogen  and  water  as  thus 
calculated  are  shown  in  columns  h  and  I  of  the  table. 

So  far  from  saying  that  these  assumptions  and  the  calculations  based 
upon  them  are  correct,  we  are  jjersuaded  that  they  must  be  more  or 
less  erroneous.  To  us  one  of  the  principal  points  of  interest  in  con- 
nection with  the  calculations  of  the  amount  of  water  gained  or  lost  is 
that  they  emphasize  so  clearly  the  uncertainties  of  this  method  of  cal- 
culation and  the  need  of  direct  determinations  of  oxygen,  sulphur, 
and  other  elements  of  both  income  and  outgo.  Even  witli  this  com- 
plete balance  of  income  and  outgo  of  elements  there  would  still  remain 
a  number  of  uncertainties,  as,  for  instance,  the  amounts  of  material  in 
the  alimentary  canal  and  the  amount  of  oxygen  stored  in  the  organism 
at  different  times  and  under  apparently  like  conditions.' 

1  Discussion  of  the  methods  of  computing  the  different  factors  of  income  and  outgo 
of  matter  and  energy  is  reserved  for  a  future  publication.     See  page  112. 


46 


Table  16  shows  the  computed  income  and  outgo  of  energy  in  this 
experiment. 

Table  Hi. — Income  and  outgo  of  energy — Metaholism  experiment  No.  5. 


(a) 

(6) 

(<•) 

(rf) 

(e) 

(/) 

(0) 

(h) 

(i) 

O 

o 

c 

?.2f 

S.Sx 

P§ 

n 

a.a 

O 

o 

<«  o  « 

=,-  to 

«.2^ 

D-'   1 

9  ajS 

"£  o  a 

4)  +^ 

Daf«. 

I'eriod. 

2  B 

v-5 

3 

Is 

35 

O   u   = 

o 

S- 

f       o 

oj  =  e 

a 

.5x5. 

o  o  5 

O^ 

o 

CS  "^    - 

S«    'r^ 

t3 

■«      n 

-u> 

■s 

a 

c  <r  — ~ 

4^ 

"5  +  « 

4)  ^-  « 

W 

w 

w 

w 

W 

pc] 

« 

W 

w 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Oalo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Per 

1897. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

rtef. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

cent. 

May  4-5 

7  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 

2,  655 

144 

148 

-99 

—  78 

2,540 

2.376 

—164 

—6.5 

5-6 

do    

2,055 

143 

119 

—  3 

—130 

2,  520 

2,451 

—  75 

—3.0 

6-7 

do 

2,  C55 
2,  655 

143 

143 

123 
122 

+  11 
-4 

+  54 
-144 

2,324 
2,  53S 

2, 343 
2,340 

+  19 
—192 

+  -8 

7-8 

...  .do  

Total,  4  days . . . 

—7.6 

10,  (i20 

573 

512 

—95 

—298 

9,  928 

9,516 

—412 

Average,!  day. 

2,655 

143 

128 

—24 

—  74 

2,482 

2,379 

—103 

—4.2 

Columns  a,  h.,  and  c  of  the  table  represent  the  heats  of  combustion  of 
the  food,  feces,  and  urine  as  taken  from  Tables  7,  S,  and  9,  respectively. 
If  the  body  lemains  in  exact  nitrogen  and  carbon  equilibrium  tlie  dif- 
ference between  the  heat  of  combustion  of  the  food  eaten  and  the 
sum  of  that  of  the  urine  and  feces  will,  in  accordance  with  the  above 
assumptions,  be  taken  as  representing  the  heat  of  combustion  of  the 
material  actually  oxidized  in  the  body.  If,  however,  the  body  gains  or 
loses  either  protein  or  fat,  it  will  have  a  correspondingly  larger  or 
smallei-  store  of  energy.  In  this  experiment  the  subject  lost  both  pro- 
tein and  fat,  and  the  energy  of  this  protein  and  fat  was  used  by  the 
body  in  addition  to  that  of  the  food  eaten.  Inasmuch  as  the  heat  of 
combustion  of  the  body  material  thus  consumed  can  not  be  determined 
directly,  it  must  be  assumed  from  the  average  heat  of  combustion  of 
ordinal  y  body  i)rotein  and  body  fat.  The  heat  of  combustion  of  1  gram 
of  protein  is  taken  as  5.65 '  calories  and  that  of  fat  9.54  calories  per  gram. 
T\n'  estiniafed  energy  of  materials  actually  oxidized  in  the  body  is 
found  by  sul>tracling  from  the  heat  of  coniljustion  of  tlni  food  eaten  the 
sum  of  that  of  the  urine,  feces,  and  protein  ami  fat  gained  by  the 
body.  'J'his  is  done  in  calculating  the  \'alues  given  in  column/.  It  is 
to  be  noted  that  as  the  protein  and  fat  are  lost,  the  corresponding 
values  used  in  I  In-  calculations  are  negative.     In  (rolumn  <f  in  the  table 

'In  the  previous  juililiratiiiii  aljovo  referred  to,  U.  S.  Dept.  Ajjr.,  Ofiice  of  Experi- 
ment HtatioHH  Uul.  6.S,  the  factor  .").r»  was  tiHcd,  but  't.&j  nermn  to  bo  more  nearly  cor- 
rect. Connideralile  attention  has  been  given  to  tlie  study  of  the  heats  of  combustion 
of  food  mat^irials  and  excretory  products  in  this  laboratory,  but  the  results  of  the 
iDvestigatioD  have  not  yet  been  published. 


47 

the  heat  actually  determined — i.  e.,  the  amount  measured  (see  Table 
12) — is  given  for  comparison.  Taking  the  estimated  energy  of  material 
actually  oxidized  in  the  body  as  100,  the  amount  of  heat  given  off  from 
the  body  and  measured  is  95.8;  that  is  to  say,  in  this  experiment  there 
is  a  discrepancy  of  4.2  per  cent  between  the  theoretical  energy  of  income 
and  the  measured  energy  of  outgo. 

A  discrepancy  of  this  size  makes  the  experiments  unsatisfactory. 
It  is  to  be  considered,  however,  that  this  is  the  first  experiment  made 
with  the  apparatus  after  it  had  reached  a  stage  of  development  which 
seemed  to  warrant  its  use  as  a  calorimeter.  The  experiments  are  com- 
plicated and  the  possibilities  of  error  numerous.  It  is  not  unusual,  in 
the  development  of  apparatus  and  methods  even  for  the  simpler  quan- 
titative determinations  in  the  laboratory,  that  the  first  results  are 
inaccurate.  The  sources  of  error  have  to  be  discovered  and  the  proper 
methods  of  manipulation  learned  by  experience  before  accurate  and 
reliable  results  are  obtained.  It  is  not  strange  that  with  an  apparatus 
and  methods  as  coniplicated  as  these,  and  with  the  sources  of  physi- 
ological error  and  uncertainty  sujieradded  to  those  of  chemical  and 
l)hysical  manipulation,  the  results  of  the  earlier  experiments  should  be 
more  or  less  erroneous.  This  particular  subject  will  be  referred  to  later. 
It  will  be  seen  that,  as  the  sources  of  error  revealed  by  experience  have 
been  at  least  partially  eliminated  in  the  later  experiments,  the  agree- 
ment of  estimated  income  and  measured  outgo  of  energy  is  reasonably 
close. 

DETAILS  OF  METABOLISM  EXPERIMENT  NO.  6. 

In  this  experiment  the  subject  was  engaged  in  active  muscular  work. 
This  was  accomplished  by  a  stationary  bicycle  connected  with  a  small 
dynamo.  The  energy  of  the  external  muscular  work  done  was  assumed 
to  be  entirely  transformed  into  heat  within  the  chamber.  The  larger 
part  was  first  transformed  into  electrical  energy  by  the  dynamo  which 
was  belted  to  the  wheel  of  the  bicycle,  and  was  then  transformed  into 
heat  by  an  electric  lamp  through  which  the  current  passed.  A  small 
portion  was  transformed  into  heat  by  the  friction  of  the  bicycle  dy- 
namo. The  latter  thus  served  as  an  ergometer.  The  heat  thus  pro- 
duced was  measured  with  that  given  off  from  the  body.  The  exercise 
was  continued  for  about  eight  hours  per  day,  and  the  heat  equivalent 
of  the  external  muscular  work  was  estimated  to  be  not  far  from  250 
calories  per  day.  The  measurements  of  electrical  friction  and  external 
muscular  work  were  not  as  accurate  as  desirable,  so  a  special  ergometer 
is  now  being  constructed  for  this  purpose.  A  cyclometer  was  attached 
to  the  bicycle  in  such  a  way  as  to  show  the  number  of  miles  that  would 
have  been  traveled  with  the  same  number  of  revolutions  of  the  pedals 
in  ordinary  riding. 

The  results  of  this  experiment  are  summarized  and  some  of  the  details 


48 

are  j^iven  in  tlio  inecediiiy  bulletin  of  this  series,'  to  wliieh  reference 
may  be  made  lor  details  not  repeated  here. 

Tln^  subject  entered  the  apparatus  on  the  evening  of  May  17,  1897, 
and  the  experinient  began  at  7  a.  m.  the  following  day.  The  menu  and 
routine  of  the  exjjeriment  were  as  follows: 

Taiji.k  17. — Daily  menu — Mciuholiam  vxperiment  No.  6. 


Menu. 


BREAKFAST 

Deviled  hiiui 

Boiled  eggs 

Butter 

Milk 

White  bread 

Sugar 

Co£fee 

DINNER. 

Beef,  fried 

Butter 

Milk 

White  bread 


Grams. 


Menu. 


20 
55 
20 
200 
150 
15 
205 


100 
30 
50 

125 


DINNER— continued 

liaked  beans 

Canned  pears 

Sugar 

Coffee 

SUPPER. 

Deviled  ham 

Butter , 

Milk 

White  bread 

Sugar 

Coffbe 


Table  18. — Daily  proyravime — Metaboliam  experiment  No.  6. 


Grama. 


125 

300 

20 

200 


30 
25 
600 

175 

15 

295 


7.01)  a.  m  .. 

KisB,  i>as8  urine;  collect  drip,  weigh 

1.50  p.m. 

Begin  work. 

sliielda  and  absorber.s ;  weigh  self, 

3.50  p.  m  . 

Kest  ten  minutes,  weigh  self,  drink 

Btrippcd  and  dressed. 

200  grams  water. 

7.45  a.  Ill  . . 

Breakfa.st;  weigh  self. 

6.00  p.m  . 

Stop  work ;  weigh  self. 

8.20  a.  Ill  .. 

Begin  work. 

G.30  p.  m  . 

Supper;  change  underclothes;  weigh 

10.20  a.  m  .. 

Best  ten  minutes,  weigh  self,  drink 

self,  stripped  and  dressed. 

200  grams  water. 

7.00  p.m  . 

Pass  urine,  collect  drip ;  weigh  shields 

12.30  1..  Ill  .. 

Stfij-  work. 

and  absorbers. 

1.00  p.  Ill  .. 

Pass  urine,  weigh  self,  collect  drij); 

10.00  p.m  . 

Weigh  self,  drink  200  grams  water, 

weigli  shields  and  absorbers. 

retire. 

1. 1.0  1..  III.. 

Dinner;  weigli  self, drink  200  grams 

1.00  a.  m  . 

Pass  urine. 

water. 

U.  S.  Dipt.  Agr.,  Otlicti  of  Experiment  Stationis  Bui.  63,  pp.  74-85. 


49 


Table  10  summarizes  the  observations  made  and  recorded  by  the  sub- 
ject  in  the  chamber  during  the  experiment. 

Table  19. — Summary  of  diary — Metaboliavi  experiment  No.  6. 


"Weight  of  subject. 

Pulse 
rate  per 
minute. 

Temper- 
ature. 

Cyclom- 
eter 
reading. 

Hygrometer. 

Time. 

Without 
clothes. 

"With 
clothes. 

Dry 
bulb. 

■Wet 
bulb. 

Mav  18 

1897. 

Kilograms. 
66.19 

Kilograms. 
70.22 
70.61 

60 

OF. 
97.0 

Miles. 

°0. 
22.0 

oG. 
18.2 

18 

8  15  a  m              

18 

323.0 
337.0 

18 

18 

70.29 

68 

98.8 

21.9 
22.2 

18.6 

18 

l**  35  p  m 

351.0 

19.8 

18 

70.54 

18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
22 

364.0 

376.5 



86.40 

70.37 

7  30p  m 

80 
78 
59 

98.9 
98.4 
96.4 

22.5 

22.5 
22.0 

21.0 

10.20  p.  m 

70.25 
69.43 
70.25 

19.6 

65.59 

18.8 

8  20  am        

377.0 
390.0 

10  30  a.  m 

10  40  a.  m 

70.00 
69.43 
70.49 
70.11 
69.54 

21.4 
22.2 

18.5 

12.25  p.  m 

77 

99.0 

401.5 

19.2 

1.40  p.  m 

3  50  pm      

415.0 
429.0 

6.00  p.m 

6.15  p.m 

88 

99.5 

21.6 

19.2 

66.65 

70.50 

10  10  p.  m 

66 

98.6 

28.5 

19.4 

10  20  p  m 

70.01 
69.52 
70.56 
69.12 
70.31 
69.92 
69.33 
70.29 
70.03 

7.00  a.  m 

65.04 

68 

96.2 

21.9 

18.8 

8  10  a  m  . 

12.35  p.m 

77 

98.5 

456.0 

21.5 

19.0 

3.45  p.m 

468.0 
480.0 

79 

99.2 

22.0 

19.6 

66.42 

10.00  p.m 

98.4 

21.6 
22.0 
21.6 

19.4 

1  00  a.m 

19.4 

7  00  a  m 

64.83 

68.64 

18.6 

61 

97.2 

483.0 
506.0 

69.56 
70.11 

21.7 

19.0 

508.0 
521.0 
534.0 

69.  T2 
69.45 
70.51 
70.25 
69.50 

79 

98.9 

21.6 

19.0 

7  30  p.  m 

66.49 

10.00  p.m 

61 
60 

97.2 
96.8 

21.5 
21.9 

19.0 

66.65 

18.4 

123.S.S— No,  'i'.l 

02 

4 

50 

The  daily  income  in  the  food  is  shown  in  Table  20.  The  calculations 
are  made  as  explained  in  <lescription  of  similar  table  in  experiment 
No.  5. 

Tablr  20. — Weight,  composition,  and  heats  of  combu8tio7t  of  foods — Metabolism  expei-i- 

vient  No.  6. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 

Food  material. 

•Weieht 
per  day. 

Water. 

Pro- 

teiu. 

Fat. 

Grams. 

8.7 
18.4 

6.1 
65.5 
45.9 

7.2 

Carbo- 
hy- 
drates. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro 
gen. 

Heats  of 
combus- 
tion ( de- 
ter- 
mined). 

2789 
2788 
2790 

Beef,  fried 

Ham,  deviled  ... 

Grams. 

100 

50 

54 

75 

850 

450 

50 

125 

300 

Grams. 
CO.  3 
21.1 
39.5 
7.0 
725.1 
197.0 

Grams. 

29.8 

8.3 

7.6 

.  7 
25.5 
37.3 

Grams. 

47.6 
202. 5 
50.0 
24.0 
53.7 

Gram,s. 

4.77 
1.32 
1.21 
.12 
4.08 
5.99 

1.44 
.15 

Grams. 

21.28 
18.05 
7.77 
47.12 
70.30 
114.  53- 
21.05 
15.55 
21.03 

Graias. 
3.05 
2.40 
1.18 
7.75 
10.46 
17.32 
3.24 
2.16 
3.54 

Calories. 
242 
218 
104 

2793 

Butter 

597 

2799 

Milk 

795 

2803 
2786 

IJread,  white 

1,143 
198 

2791 
2792 

Beans,  baked  . . . 
Pears,  canned. .. 

Total 

89.2 
244.2 

D.O 
.9 

.5 
.6 

153 

228 

1, 384. 0  i     1 19. 1 

152.  9        377.  8 

19.08 

330.  68 

51.16 

3,678 

The  records  of  the  amounts  and  composition  of  the  feces  and  urine 
excreted  during  the  four  days  of  the  experiment  are  given  in  Tables  21 
and  22: 


Table  21. —  IFeight,  composition,  and  heats  of  combustion  of  fresh  feces — Metabolism 

experiment  No.  6. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 

Weight. 

Water. 

Pro- 
tein. 

Fat. 

Carbo- 

hy- 
drates. 

Nitro- 
'  gen. 

Grams. 
6.00 
1.50 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

HCMIN  of 

coiiiluus- 
tioii  (do- 

tcr- 
mined). 

2808 

Total,  4  days 

A.vorage,  Iday.. 

Grains. 
465.0 
116.3 

Gratnu. 

3,65.  5 

91.4 

OraiTis. 

37.7 

9.4 

Grams. 
19.1 

4.8 

Grams. 

26.0 

6.5 

Grams. 
49.48 
12.37 

Grams. 
7.25 
1.81 

Calories. 
555 
139 

51 


Table  22. — Amounts  and  com)iosition  of  urine — Metabolism  experiment  No.  6. 


Date. 

Period. 

Amount. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

1897. 
May  18-19 

Grams. 
576.0 
364.8 
263.1 
146.0 

1.016 

Per  cent. 
0.95 

Grams. 
5.47 
4.09 
4.50 
3.11 

Per  cent. 

GrarriK. 

1  023             1.12 
1.027             1.71 
1.025             2.13 

Total 

1,349.9 
1,349  9 

17.17 
17.55 

13  16 

Total  hy  composito.. 



1.30 

19-20 

344.7 
314.6 
338.1 
112.0 

1.022 
1.026 
1.023 
1.026 

1.30 
1.32 
1.64 
1.98 

4.48 
4.15 
5.  54 
2.22 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

Total 

1,109.4 
1,109.4 

16.39 

12.56 

Total  by  composite . . 

1.47 

16.30 

20-21 

240.8 
323.7 
309.1 
160.2 

1.022 
1.026 
1.025 
1.025 

1.11 
1.32 
1.66 
2.03 

2.67 
4.27 
5.13 
3.15 

Total 

1,033.8 
1,033.8 

15.22 
15.82 

11.66 

Total  by  composite. . 

1.53 

21-22 

357.4 
288.8 
516.3 
142.2 

1.024 
1.026 
I.OIG 
1.025 

1.21 
1.30 
1.10 
1.82 

4.32 
3.75 

2.59 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

Total 

1,304.7 
1,304.7 

16.34 
16.05 

12.  .52 

Total  by  composite. . 
Total  for  4  days,  by 

1.23 

4,  797. 8 
4, 797.  8 

65.12 
64.29 

Composite  for  4  days 

1.34 

1.04 

49.90 

22-23 

483.6 

300.0 
238.3 
180.7 

1.013 
1.020 
1.021 
1.025 

.91 

.92 

1.09 

1.44 

4.40 
2.76 
2.60 

2.60 

Total 

1,  202.  6 

12.36 

9.45 

23 

244.0 
187.0 

1.22 

1.22 

52 


Tahi.k  2-2 

—  .imouiits  ami  comjwxil 

ion  of  urine — MflahoUsm 

experiment  Xo.  fi- 

-Cont'd. 

I'erioil. 

Hydrogen. 

Water. 

Heats  of  combustion 

Date. 

Per  gram. 

Total. 

1897. 
May   18-19 

Per  cent.     Grams. 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Total 

4.  Of) 

i     1,275.0 

0.094 

127 

19-20 

[ 

Total 

3.86 

1,  037. 9 

.119 

132 

20-21 

1 

Total.     ... 

3.59 

967.4 

.115 

119 

21-22 

Total 

3.85 

1,  233. 5 

.094 

123 

Total  for  4  days,,  by 

501 

Composite  for  4  days 

0.32 

15.35 

94.08 

4, 513. 8 

.105 

'504 

22-23 

7  p.  ni.  to  1  a.  m 

Total 

2.91 

1, 148. 8 

.085 

103 

7  a.  ni.  to  1  ]).  Ill 

23 

1 

'  Total  hcyit  of  rombiiHtioii  as  dotomiinort  in  dried  urine  al.so  gives 504  calorios  (seep.  23). 

It  was  soon  found  that  when  the  subject  was  engaged  in  active  exer- 
cise on  tlie  bicycle  the  chamber  temperature  rose  enough  to  cause  some 
(liH<;omf(>rt.  To  avoid  tin's  the  outer  clothing  was  removed  during  the 
working  periods  and  the  subject  wore  only  his  underclothes.  These  were 
changed  each  day  after  the  work  was  done,  and  the  amount  of  water 
ab8f)r])ed  by  Miem  was  determined.  In  the  description  of  the  work, 
ex|)«'iini<'nts  on  page  24,  it  was  explained  that  the  underclothing  was 
carefully  waslicd  in  distilled  water,  dried,  and  weighed  before  being 
passed  into  the  (;liaiiiber  for  use.  The  underclothes  were  again  weighed 
as  soon  as  removed  from  tin;  chamber  and  the  increase  in  weight  recorded 
as  watei',  the  amount  of  solid  material  absorbe<l  in  the  pers])iration  being 
regarded  as  t<jo  small  to  take  into  account.    The  clothes  were  passed  into 


53 

the  chamber  before  use  and  taken  out  after  nse  in  a  tightly  closed 
copper  can,  in  which  they  were  weighed.  The  quantity  ot'uitrogen  in  the 
products  of  perspiration  was,  however,  determined  by  extracting  the 
clothes  with  distilled  water,  evaporating  and  determining  the  nitrogen 
in  the  concentrated  residue  by  the  Kjeldahl  process  as  already  stated. 
The  quantities  of  water  and  nitrogen  removed  in  the  underclothes  are 
shown  in  Table  23. 

Tahle  23. —  Water  revioved  from  chamber  in  underclothes — Metaholism  experiment  No.  6. 


Period. 

Date. 

Weight 
of  can 

and 
clotlies. 

Gain 
(water, 
etc.,  ab- 
sorbed). 

Remarks. 

1897. 
May   17 

May  18 

May   18 
May  19 

May   19 
May  20 

May   20 
May  21 

Grams. 
1,  673. 0 
1,  704. 0 

Oram*. 
31.0 

23.3 

26.0 

22.3 

Do 

Do  

1,  641.  5 
1, 664. 8 

Do 

Do 

Do 

1, 606.  0 
1,  632.  0 

Do 

1, 624. 7 
1, 647.  0 

Do 

Contained  0. 17  gram  nitrogen. 

Total 

102.6 

With  the  large  exhalation  of  water  from  the  body  which  accompanied 
the  rather  intense  muscular  exertion,  the  subject  required  more  drink- 
ing water  than  usual.  He  drank  ad  libitum  on  the  first  day.  The 
amount  was  recorded  and  he  received  the  same  quantities  on  each  of 
the  succeeding  clays. 

RESIDUAL   CARBON   DIOXTD   AND   WATER — DRIP   WATER,  OR  DRIP. 

These  terms,  which  are  used  in  the  descriptions  and  tables  of  this 
and  succeeding  experiments,  demand  a  word  of  explanation.  The  dif- 
ference between  the  quantity  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  incom- 
ing and  that  in  the  outgoing  air  current  for  a  given  period,  as  six 
hours,  does  not  represent  exactly  the  amount  of  carbon  dioxid  and 
water  imparted  to  the  air  in  the  chamber  by  the  subject  during  the 
period,  because  the  quantities  remaining  in  the  chamber  at  the  end 
may  not  be  the  same  as  were  there  at  the  beginning  of  the  period.  For 
instance,  if  a  change  from  rest  to  work  is  made  during  the  period  the 
quantities  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  will  be  increased,  and  the  air 
remaining  in  the  chamber  at  the  end  of  the  period  will  have  a  larger 
percentage  of  these  products  than  was  present  in  the  air  of  the  cham- 
ber at  the  beginning.  Furthermore,  with  the  increased  water  content 
of  the  air  consequent  upon  the  increased  muscular  work  the  amount  of 
water  accumulated  by  condensation  upon  the  absorbers  and  upon  and 
in  the  shields  may  be  gradually  increased.  Indeed,  the  amount  of 
water  thus  condensed  in  the  periods  of  active  work  is  apt  to  be  so  large 
that  a  portion  gradually  drips  from  the  shields  into  the  "drip  flasks" 


54 

suspended  at  tlie  ends  of  the  shields.  This  last  is  called  drip  water,  or 
drip.  On  the  other  hand,  with  a  change  from  work  to  rest  the  carbon 
dioxid  and  water  jjiven  oft"  by  the  snbject  will  be  diminished,  and  the 
weijihts  of  these  in  the  air  of  the  cliamber  and  the  weight  of  water  con- 
densed npon  the  surfaces  of  the  absorbers  and  shields  will  be  less  at 
the  end  than  at  the  beginning. 

It  is  therefore  necessary  to  determine  the  gain  or  loss  of  carbon 
dioxid  and  water  in  the  air  of  the  chamber  and  of  water  on  the  surfaces 
of  the  absorbers  and  shields  during  each  experimental  period  in  order 
to  learn  exactly  how  much  of  each  is  given  oif  by  the  subject  during 
the  period.  To  this  end  special  samples  of  the  air  are  drawn  from  the 
chamber  at  the  beginning  and  the  end  of  each  period,  and  the  quanti- 
ties of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  are  determined.  If  the  drip  water  has 
accumulated  in  the  flasks  it  is  either  passed  out  of  the  chamber  and 
weighed  or,  if  the  quantity  is  small,  its  volume  is  measured  inside  the 
chamber.  The  system  of  absorbers  and  shields  is  weighed  at  the 
beginning,  middle,  and  end  of  each  of  the  day  periods;  that  is,  at  7  a. 
m.,  1  p.  m.,  and  7  p.  m.  The  samples  of  residual  air  are  drawn  by  a 
small  aspirator  and  passed  over  sulphuric  acid  and  soda  lime  as  in  the 
determination  of  these  materials  in  the  ventilating  air  current.  The 
methods  employed  for  taking  the  samples,  determining  the  carbon 
dioxid  and  water,  and  applying  the  corrections  are  described  in  the 
l^ublication  already  referred  to." 

QUANTITIES   OF   WATER   ADHERING  TO   THE   COPPER   WALLS   OF   THE 

CHAMBER. 

The  quantities  of  water  which  are  condensed  upon  the  inner  surface 
of  the  copper  walls  of  the  calorimeter  vary  with  the  amounts  in  the  air 
of  the  chamber  and  the  temjierature  of  the  latter.  A  series  of  special 
experiments  made  for  the  purpose  of  testing  this  question  has  per- 
suaded us  that  tiie  quantities  thus  adhering  to  smooth  sheet  copper  are 
small  and  that  differences  under  the  conditions  of  the  metabolism 
experiment  are  so  slight  that  they  would  not  materially  aftect  the 
results.  The  experiments  for  determining  the  (piantities  of  water  con- 
densed on  the  surface  of  copper  were  made  as  follows:  A  rectangular 
sheet  of  copper  ])resenting  apja-oximately  2  square  meters  of  surface 
was  rolled  into  tiie  form  of  a  spii  al  and  suspended  in  a  wooden  box  by  a 
wire  which  passed  through  a  small  hole  in  the  toj)  of  the  box  and  was 
attached  to  the  arm  of  a  balance  sensitive  to  centigrams.  By  appro- 
priate devices  the  ten)perature  and  water  content  of  the  air  in  the  box 
were  caused  to  vary  tli rough  ranges  similar  to  those  which  obtain  in 
the  chamber  of  the  <tah)rimeter  in  different  experiments.  The  sheet  of 
copper  was  allow(*d  tx>  remain  for  a  consiilerable  time,  from  twelve  to 
twenty  four  hours,  in  the  atmospheie  of  the  box,  in  order  that  the  water 
condensed  np(»n  its  surface  might  accommodate  itself  to  the  condition 
of  moistunr  and  t<'mj)crature.  The  dinereiices  in  weight  were  assumed 
to  represent  ditlerenees  in  the  amounts  of  water  condensed  upon  the 
8orfa<;e.    The  extreme  differences  found  in  these  experiments  amounted 


>  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  OUice  of  Expuhnient  StatioDS  Bui.  63,  pp.  37, 65. 


65 


to  less  than  3  centigrams  per  square  meter  of  surface.  This  would 
correspond  to  0.54  gram  for  the  whole  18  square  meters  of  the  inner 
surface  of  the  chamber. 

It  seems  to  us  extremely  improbable  that  such  variations  in  the 
amounts  of  water  condensed  ujjon  the  whole  interior  surface  of  the 
respiration  chamber  and  air  pipes  between  the  points  where  samples 
were  taken  for  analysis  would  be  sufficient  to  aifect  materially  the 
results  of  the  experiments.  It  may,  however,  become  necessary  to 
take  these  variations  into  account  in  future  efforts  to  secure  more  accu- 
rate determinations  of  water  and  hydrogen,  but  at  present  we  consider 
the  errors  here  involved  as  less  than  the  unavoidable  errors  in  the 
determinations  of  water  and  hydrogen  in  the  food  and  excretory 
products. 

The  results  of  the  measurements  of  the  residual  carbon  dioxid  and 
water  are  summarized  in  the  following  table: 

Table  24. — Comparison  of  residual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber 
at  the  heginnimj  and  end  of  each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabo- 
lism experiment  INo.  6. 


End  of  period. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Water. 

Date. 

.a 

CJ 

a 

a 

Gain  (+)   or   loss   (— ) 
ovei-   precedin  g   p  e  - 
riod. 

tw 

a 

=   3 

3i| 

H 

li 

r2    3 

O    CJ 

P 

+  P, 

B  >.2 

ce    O    in 

=  ± 

■Ul 

M.a  re 

9  5?  « 
^2.2 
o 

S 

1" 

.a 
cs 

a 

1 

'u 

o 

Totalamountgaiuod  (+) 
during  the  period. 

1897. 
May   18-19 

Grams. 
34.3 
104.2 
115.6 
63.4 
33.8 

Grams. 

Grarns. 
63.6 
67.3 
73.9 
73.2 
63.5 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

+  69.9 
+  11.4 
—52.2 
—29.6 

+3.7 
+6.6 
-  .7 
—9.7 

+214 
+  31 

—  35 

—  35 

339.7 
688.9 
134.9 
134.9 

+  557.4 
+  726.5 
+  99.0 
+      90.4 

7  p.  m 

7  a.  m 

Total    

-    .5 

—  .1 

+  175 

1,298.4 

+  1,473.3 

19-20 

110.2 
106.4 
45.8 
32.4 

+76.4 

-  3.8 

—60.6 

13.4 

68.8 
71.8 
71.5 
64.6 

+5.3 
+  3 
—  .3 
—6.9 

+102 

—  10 

—  98.5 

—  98.5 

343.5 
566 
139 
139 

+  450.8 
+  559.0 
+  40.2 
+      33.6 

Total 

—  1.4  : 

+  1.1 

—105 

+185 

—  45 

—  38 

—  38 

1, 187.  5 

+  1,083.6 

122.9 
89.1 
48.0 
37.6 

20-21 

+90.5         58.6 
—33.  8         68.  4 
41. 1  1       67-7 

—6.0 
+9.8 
—  .7 
—3.3 

319.6 

620.5 

80.6 

80.7 

+  498.6 
+  585.3 
+  41.9 
+      39.4 

—10.4 

64.4 

Total 

+  5.2 

—  .2 

+  64 

1,101.4 

+1, 165.  2 

21-22 

112.2 
79.7 
29.7 
30.5 

+  74.6 
-32.5 
—50.0 

+     .8 

+       .8 

70.2, 
63.5 
59.9 
Sfi  8 

+5.8 
—6.7 
—3.6 
—3.1 

+  61 
+  49 

—  43.5 

—  43.5 

190.9 
511.6 
102.5 
102.5 

+  257.7 
+  553.9 
+  55.4 
+      55.9 

7  p.  ni 

1  a.  m ., 

7  a.  lu 

Total 

—  7.1 

—7.6 

+  23 

907.  5 

+     922.9 

Total  for  4  days... 

3.8 

—6.8 

+  157 

4, 494. 8  , 

+4, 645. 0 

5(; 

The  records  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  vapor  iu  the  ventilating  air 
currtMit  have  been  given  in  detail  in  the  account  of  this  experiment  in 
the  i)revious  publication  already  referred  to.*  The  results  in  daily 
periods  are  summarized  in  Table  25.  These  have  been  corrected  for  the 
amounts  of  residual  carbon  dioxid  and  water,  drip,  etc.,  and  show  the 
total  amount  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  exhaled  by  the  subject  during 
each  day  of  the  exi)eriment.  For  the  details  by  six-hour  periods  refer- 
ence may  be  made  to  Tables  25  and  27,  pages  79  and  81  of  Bulletin 
No.  03. 

Tahi.io  25. — Summari/  of  varhon  dioxid  and  neater  in  ventilatlnf/  air  current — Metabolism 

experiment  No.  6. 


'3 

bjo 

Carbou  dioxid. 

o  1^ 

Water.                       1 

>i 

6 

-a 

5 

bD 

s  S 

^  2 

M 

3  C 

"% 

ts 

-^ 

s-y 

!3 

(C 

ns  <o 

-3 

g*! 

o 

gS 

"  a 

O 

s> 

19  g 

A 

Date. 

Period. 

Is 

a 

01 'c3 

o  a 

1/ 

.a  o 

a  . 

•^  u 
m  ci 

o  c 

.2 

IS 
a; 

i 

|i 

(B  O 

(-1 

s 
5 

1 

« 

cS 

sa 

O 

o  « 

t> 

H 

o"* 

o 

H 

H 

o 

O 

H 

1897. 

Liters. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

May  18-19* 

7a.m.to7  a.m.. 

91, 273 

1,334.9 

—0.5 

1, 334. 4 

364.0 

29.7 

1,080.9 

1, 473.  3 

'2,583.9 

19-20 

do 

94,  260 

1, 255. 8 

-1.4 

1,  254.  4 

342.1 

32.5 

1, 109.  3 

1, 083.  6 

2, 225. 4 

20-21 

do 

91, 958 

1,200.5 

-1-5.2 

1, 265.  7 

345.1 

40.7 

1, 099.  9 

1, 165.  2 

2,  305.  8 

21-22 

do 

Tota],4day8.... 

95, 889 

1,215.1 

—7.1 

1, 208. 0 

329.  5 

25.  G 

1, 125.  8 

922.9 

2,  074. 3 

373,  380 

5,066.3 

—3.  8[  5,  062.  5 

1,  380. 7 

128.5 

4,415.9 

4,  645. 0 

9,189.4 

Average,  1  day.. 

93,  345 

1, 265. 6 

345.2 

2,297.4 

'The  valae  given  in  Knlletin  63  for  th'o  water  exhaled  was  2,513.4  grams.    This  did  not  include  70.5 
grams  "drip." 

The  details  of  the  calorimetric  observations  by  six-hour  periods  are 
given  in  Table  29,  page  82  of  Bulletin  No.  63.  They  are  summarized 
for  individual  days  in  Table  20  herewith. 

TABI.E  26. — Summary  of  calorimstrio  measurements — Metabolism  experiment  No.  6. 


fi 

i. 

o 

lUi 

o 
p. 

41  eo^s 

'^  9  o 

n 

o  "     .a 

Dat«'. 

I'.ri.Hl. 

g| 

^..S 

2  S'S  2 

k  O  C 

4'  9 

.a  3 

*'  3 

o: 
it 

¥ 

r-  n  (3 
"  «  o 

H 

o 

o 

u 

P^ 

H 

P4 

1897. 

Calorifs. 

negrce.s. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Orami. 

Oalorii's. 

Calories. 

Calories 

MnylH  10 

7  a.  ni.  to  7  n.  m . . 

:t,  n.i:i.  h 

-<-0.15 

■  1-9 

—40.5 

1,110..'-)         057.4 

3, 969.  7 

270 

10-20 

do 

3, 025. 2 

—  .02 

—  1 

—31.7 

1,141.8         075.9 

3,  668. 4 

230 

ao-21 

do 

3,091.1 

—  .13 

-8 

—47.9 

1, 140.  6|        675. 2 

3, 710.  4 

26(- 

21-22 

do 

Total,  4  dayn 

2,897.6 

-»-  .11 

+7'      -29. 4 

1,151.4         681.6 

3,  550.  8 

255 

12,857.7 

1    .n             -1-7      —149.6   4,544.3     2,690.1 

14, 905. 3 

1,023 

Average,  1  day.. 

8,080.4 

1 

672.5 

3, 726.  3             25fl 

1 1 

'  U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Oflico  of  Experiinoiit  HtatioiiH  Bui.  63,  pp.  79, 81. 


57 

Table  27  vshows  the  coinpated  income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and 
carbon.  The  methods  of  calculation  are  the  same  as  those  akeady 
described  under  similar  tables  in  connection  with  experiment  No.  5. 

Table  27. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  6. 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

(a) 

(«-) 

(c) 

(d) 

(«) 

(/) 

(.';) 

(h) 

(k) 

Date. 

Period. 

i 

=2 

a 

H 

i 

9 

a 
a 

M 

o  tr 
It 

a 
O 

o 

=2 

a 

H 

§ 

a 

a 

M 

o 
u 
A 

Si 

■0 

a 

M 

1 

1897. 

Oral. 

6mi. 

Qms. 

Omx. 

Oms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

May  18-19 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.m. 

19.1 

1.5 

17.5 

+0.1 

336.7 

12.3 

13.1 

364.0 

—  52.9 

19-20 

do 

19.1 

1.5 

16.6 

+  1.0 

336.7 

12.4 

12.6 

342.1 

—  30.4 

20-21 

do 

19.1 

1.5 

15.4 

+2.2 

336.7 

12.4 

11.7 

345.2 

—  32.6 

21-22 

do 

Total, 4  days... 

19.1 

1.5 

16.5 

+  1.1 

336.7 

12.4 

12.5 

329.4 

—  17.6 

76.4 

6.0 

66.0 

+  4.4 

1,346.8 

49.5 

49.9 

1.  380.  7 

—133.  5 

Average,  1  day. 

19.1 

1.5 

16.5 

+1.1 

336.7 

12.4 

12.5 

345.2 

—  33.4 

•Including  nitrogen  of  perspiration  (see  p.  53). 


In  this  experiment  the  subject  was  allowed  a  definite  amount  of 
water  each  day  in  addition  to  the  coffee  infusion  which,  as  above 
explained,  is  here  considered  as  consisting  entirely  of  water.  The 
amounts  of  coffee  infusion  and  drinking  water  consumed  on  different 
days  of  this  experiment  are  as  follows : 

Record  of  drinking  water  and  coffee — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  G. 


Date. 

Cottee 
infusion. 

Drinking 
water. 

Total 
drink. 

May  18 

Grams. 
876.1 
894.7 
886.8 
868.5 

Grams. 
800 
800 
800 
800 

Grams. 
1,  676. 1 

19 

1,  694. 7 

20 

1,  686. 8 

21 

1,  668. 5 

Total . 

3,  526. 1 

3,200 

6, 726. 1 

The  reason  for  the  slight  variation  from  day  to  day  in  the  amount  of 
coffee  is  found  in  the  failure  of  the  subject  to  drain  the  entire  300 
grams  served  from  the  vessel  containing  it.  The  drinking  water  was 
drained  much  more  completely,  and  the  amounts  left  in  the  tiask  in 
which  it  was  served  in  this  experiment  were  not  sufficien  t  to  weigh. 


58 

The  com])uteil  iucoine  aud  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen  in  experiment 
N<>.  (>  is  shown  in  Table  28: 

Tahlk  I'S. — Income  uinl  ontijo  of  water  and  hiidroi/eii — MelabitHnm  experhnent  No.  <h 


Period. 

"Water. 

Date. 

o 

.a 
a 

'u 

a 

M 

a 

a 

M 

(rf) 

a 

a 

■»->   • 

I-   w 

AO 

££ 
A. 

a 

M 

Grams. 
2,614.9 
2, 248.  7 
2,  331.  8 
2, 096. 6 

(./■) 

CD    7 

O  -r- 

a  + 

si 

1897. 
May  18-19 

Crows. 
1,  384.  0 
1, 384.  0 

Grams. 
1, 676.  I 
1,  694. 7 
1,  680.  8 
1,668.5 

Grams. 
91.3 
91.4 
91.4 
91.4 

Gram,s. 
1, 275. 0 
1,037.9 
967.4 
1,233.5 

Grams. 
—    921. 1 

19-20 

do 

—    299. 3 

20-21 
21-22 

do 

do 

Total,  4  days 

1,384.0 
1,384.0 

—  319.8 

-  369.0 

5, 536.  0 
1,384.0 

6,  726. 1 
1,681.5 

365.5       4.  51.S.  8 

9,  292.  0 
2,  323.  0 

—1,909.2 

Average,  1  day 

91.4 

1,128.4 

-     477. 3 

Date. 


1897. 

May  18-19 

19-20 

20-21 

21-22 


Period. 


7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m . 

do 

do 

do 


Hydrogen. 


Total,  4  days... 
Average,  1  day. 


'  lucludiiig  water  iu  ])urspiratiou  (see  p.  53). 


59 

The  gain  or  loss  of  protein,  fat,  ami  water  in  experiment  'Ro.  6,  com- 
pntert  as  in  the  previous  experiment,  is  shown  in  Table  20: 

Taiu.e  2W. — (lain  or  loss  of  protein  (.V  X  6.25),  fat,  and  water — Metabolism  experiment 

No.  C. 


(a) 

(6) 

(c) 

(d) 

(<') 

(/) 

^ 

^ 

_, 

_   . 

^ 

o 

0 

+ 

On 

»  1 

1 

n>n 

Date. 

Peril  )(1. 

+ 

4)  — 

.2  1 

a  e 

a  . 

_a  — 

2r 

m 

o 

+s 

M^ 

J§ 

■"  + 

^•1- 

g  ° 

1 

u^^ 

n  ^ 

o 

5§ 

o  o 
"3 

n  s 

^3  ' 

a 

.^ 

O— ' 

o 

5S  MCi 

<s 

'^ 

Ph 

c-l 

O 

o 

pR 

1897. 

Grams. 

Grains. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Gram^. 

May   18-19 
19  20 

+  0.1 
+1.0 
+  2.2 
+  1.1 

+  0.6 
+  6.3 
+13.7 
+  6.9 

52.9 

+  0.3 
+  3.3 

-t    7.3 
+  3.7 

.53.2 

69  9 

.     do       

30.4 

33  7 

44  3 

20  21 

do 

32.6 

39.9 

52.5 

21-22 

do 

—  17.6 

—  21.3 

28  0 

Total,  4  days 

+  4.4 

+27.5 

—133.  5 

■14.6 

—148.1 

—194.7 

Average,  1  day 

+  1.1 

+  6.9 

—  33.4 

+  3.6 

—  37.0 

—  48.7 

{(1) 

(h) 

(i) 

(A-) 

(J) 

n 

a  v 

-«    • 

^ 

^ 

s> 

e  QO 

p 

05  ~ 

5^ 

S   . 

5'^ 

u, 

U1-- 

a  — 
■"  + 

fctX 

I-'o 

= 

Date. 

Period. 

go 

a  J, 

aj 

rsX 

^  + 

g.ax 

2° 

sis 

3^ 

'^.mS 

'3  + 

e« 

H 

w 

W 

M 

^ 

1897. 

Gram,!<. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

GcaHis. 

Grams. 

May  18-19 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

—57.0 

+0.1 

—  8.3 

-48.8 

—439.2 

19-20 

do 

+  12.1 
+  10.3 

+  4.4 

+  0.4 
+0.9 

+  0.5 

5  2 

+16.9 
+  15.6 
+  7.2 

+  152.1 
+  140.4 
+  64.8 

20-21 

do 

6  2 

21-22 

do 

-3.3 

Total,  4  days 

—30.2 

+1.9 

—23.0 

—  9.1 

—  81.9 

Average,  1  day 

—  7.5 

+  .5 

—  5.7 

—  2.3 

—  20.5 

60 

The  computed  iiMoinc  and  (uitiio  of  energy  is  given  in  the  following 
table: 

Tablk  'SO.—Jnvome  and  outgo  of  eneriiu—MciaboHxm  ejjjeriment  Xo.  il 


(o) 

(6) 

(c) 

(d) 

('■) 

(.0 

^(9) 

(h) 

(0 

o 

c 

ifj 

11 
o  a 

i  2   . 

S 

!•'*-■"' 

O-j 

©  i- 

<a  *•• 

o 

^  O  a: 

V-   tfi 

=  .S-s 

Date. 

Period. 

S   41 

9 

s   . 

^31 

a 

0 

o 

1 

1-9 

o 

c3 

m 

g    K  — 

0:  -t"^ 

1 

0 

eat  determi 

(  +  )   or  les 
estimated  ( 

1=1 

w 

w 

W 

W 

w 

W 

w 

pq 

W 

1897. 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

OaZo- 

Calo- 

P«r 

ries. 

ries. 

rie*. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

rtes. 

ries. 

ce»«. 

M:i V    IS-li)     7  .1.  n\.  to  7  a.  ni . 

rt.oTs 

KiS 

127 

-\.     3 

—     Gli7 

4,077 

3,970 

—107 

—2.6 

19-20    do 

:i,  G78 

i;!!) 

i:)2 

+  35 

—    423 

3,  795 

3,608 

—127 

—3.4 

20-21    do 

3,  078 

130 

HO 

+  78 

—     500 

3,842 

3,710 

—132 

—3.4 

21-22  ! do 

:{.  67K 

i:!9 

123 

+  39 

-     207 

3,  044 

3,557 

—  87 

—2.4 

Totiil.4dMVs.. 

H,  71-J 

555 

501 

+  1.05 

-1,  857 

15,358 

14,  905 

—453 

Av.iagc.  1  (lay. 

3.  078 

i:)9 

125 

+  39 

—    464 

3,839 

3,720 

-113 

-2.9 

riic  ilicoietical  income  of  enerjiy  in  tliis  experiment  averaged  3,839 
caloiio.s  per  day  and  (lie  mea.suied  ()Utj4-o  3,7l*(j,  or  97.1  per  cent  of  the 
theoretical  income,  thus  making  a  discrepancy  of  2.9  per  cent.  While 
this  agreement  is  closer  tlian  tliat  found  in  the  preceding  experiment, 
it  is  still  Car  from  satisfactory.  There  are  various  errors  of  experi- 
ment which  may  serve  in  part  to  account  for  the  discrepancy.  One, 
the  sampling  of  food  materials,  has  already  been  referred  to  and 
appears  in  the  preceding  and  in  the  two  h)llo\ving  exjieriments,  as 
well  as  in  this  experiment — that  is,  in  tlie  first  four  of  the  series.  One 
source  of  uncertainty  in  this  experiment,  however,  was  due  to  the 
muscular  work  ])erformed  by  the  subject,  which  was  at  times  rather 
severe.  Heat  was  develojied  within  the  apparatus  at  a  rapid  rate,  and 
the  changes  in  temperature  inside  the  chamber  >vere  considerable.  We 
are  inclined  to  think  that  the  heat  measurements  uiuhn-  these  circum- 
stances were  less  accurate  tiian  usual,  and  that  minor  modifications  in 
apparatus  and  manipulation,  which  have  been  i)rovided  for  in  later 
experiments,  have  helpe<l  and  will  hel[)  to  diminish  them. 

DETAILS  OF  METABOLISM  EXPERIMENT  NO.  7. 

This  was  a  so-called  alcohol  e.\])eriment.  The  object  is  outlined  on 
jiage  0.  A  jmrlion  of  the  usual  diet  was  replaced  by  an  isodynamic 
quantity  of  ethyl  alcohol.  The  diet  furnished  104  grams  of  protein 
and  somewhat  hiss  than  L',()(K)  calories  of  energy  aside  from  that  in  the 
alcohol  which  it  was  cahnilated  would  furnish  a  little  over  oOO  calories 
of  energy  per  day.     The  subjwit  was  "  at  rest;  "  that  is  to  say,  he  had 


61 

as  little  nuiscular  exercise  as  was  consistent  with  convenience  and 
comfort.  The  total  amount  of  protein  and  energy  in  the  diet  was  such 
as  had  beea  found  suflBcient  to  maintain  the  body  nearly  in  nitrogen 
and  carbon  equilibrium.  Opportunity  was  thus  given  to  test  the  com- 
pleteness of  the  oxidation  of  the  alcohol  in  the  body,  the  agreement  of 
the  amount  of  kinetic  energy  produced  by  such  oxidation  with  the 
potential  energy  of  the  same  amount  of  alcohol  as  measured  by  its 
heat  of  combustion  in  the  bomb  calorimeter,  and  also  the  action  of  the 
EJcohol  in  protecting  protein  and  fat  from  oxidation.  The  usual  pre- 
liminary period  of  four  days  was  spent  outside  the  chamber  with  the 
same  diet  as  in  the  experiment  i)roper. 

The  subject  entered  the  chamber  on  the  evening  of  June  7,  1897. 
The  experiment  proper  began  at  7  a.  m.  the  following  morning.  The 
subject  spent  the  time  not  required  for  the  routine  observations  called 
for  by  the  daily  programme  in  reading,  writing,  and  sleeping.  The' 
alcohol  was  administered  in  the  form  of  high-grade  commercial  spirits 
containing  90.6  per  cent  of  ethyl  hydroxid,  as  it  was  thought  desirable 
in  this  case  to  test  the  effect  of  ethyl  alcohol  as  such  rather  than  in  the 
form  of  whisky,  brandy,  or  other  ordinary  alcoholic  beverage.  The 
amount  was  such  as  to  furnish  72.5  grams  of  ethyl  hydroxid  per  day. 
To  this  amount  of  alcohol  and  45  grams  of  sugar  were  added  an 
amount  of  coffee  infasion  sufdcient  to  make  1,000  grams  per  day.  The 
alcohol  was  thus  administered  in  six  doses,  three  larger  ones  with  the 
meals  and  three  smaller  between  meals.  The  proportions  at  the 
different  times  were:  With  breakfast,  150  cubic  centimeters  (11,5  grams 
alcohol);  at  10.30  a.  m.,  100  cubic  centimeters  (7.G  grams  alcohol);  for 
dinner,  250  cubic  centimeters  (19.1  grams  alcohol);  at  3.30  p.  m., 
100  cubic  centimeters  (7.6  grams  alcohol);  at  supper,  250  cubic 
centimeters  (19.1  grams  alcohol);  before  retiring,  the  remainder  (not 
far  from  100  cubic  centimeters,  containing  7.6  grams  alcohol).  The 
quantities  of  alcohol  were  not  large  as  compared  with  those  which 
moderate  drinkers  are  accustomed  to  consume.  The  total  amount, 
72.5  grams,  or  2J  ounces,  is  about  as  much  as  would  be  contained  in  a 
bottle  of  ordinary  Ehine  wine  or  claret  with  10  per  cent  absolute  alco- 
hol and  a  little  less  than  would  be  furnished  in  three  ordinary  glasses  of 
whisky  each  containing  2  ounces  of  45  per  cent  alcohol.^  The  reason 
for  taking  the  alcohol  in  these  small  doses  was  to  avoid  appreciable 
eftect  upon  the  nerves,  as  the  purpose  was  to  get  light  upon  the  action 
of  alcohol  under  normal  bodily  conditions.  As  will  be  seen  from  Table 
33,  the  pulse  and  body  temperature  did  not  differ  materially  from  those 
of  other  experiments  and  the  subject  was  not  conscious  of  any  mental 
or  physical  disturbance  or  other  special  effect  of  the  alcohol  except 
possibly  a  slight  sense  of  dullness  at  times.  The  subject  was  a  Swede, 
and  had  come  to  this  country  after  reaching  maturity.  He  had  been 
accustomed  from    boyhood  to  occasional   use  of  malt  and  distilled 


'  See  computations  in  The  Century  Magazine,  May,  1888,  pp.  138, 139. 


62 

liquors,  but  of  late  years  had  i)artaken  of  these  but  seldom  iiiul  in 
small  quantities.  Duriug  the  time  of  these  exi)eriraents,  including- 
the  periods  which  preceded  and  followed  those  with  alcohol,  he  took  no 
spirituous  liquor  except  that  administered  in  the  alcohol  experiments. 
This  he  did  in  accordan(;e  with  a  special  arrangement  by  which  he 
became  a  total  abstainer  except  at  the  times  and  for  the  purpose  of 
these  experiments. 

The  menn,  daily  programme,  summary  of  the  diary,  and  experimental 
and  computed  data  of  income  and  outgo  are  given  in  Tables  31-41. 
The  explanations  Avhich  accompany  the  tables  of  experiments  Nos.  5 
and  ()  apply  to  those  of  experiment  No.  7.  lUit  in  addition  to  the 
usual  data  of  outgo  there  were  in  this  exi>eriiiient  determinations  of 
alcohol  eliminated  as  such  in  the  urine  and  in  the  respiratory  products. 
These  determinations  are  shown  in  Table  41. 

'J'aiu.k  81. — Daily  menu — MelaboUum  experiment  No.  7. 


Menu. 

BHEAKFAST. 

BoUed  egg8 

Butter 

Milk 

Bye  bread 

Coffee  and  .alcohol 

DIN.NEU. 

Beef,  fried 

Butter 

Kyo  bread 


Grams. 


Menu. 


50 
30 
150 

170 

5 

45 


DINNER— continued . 

IJaked  beans 

Canned  pears 

Coffee  and  alcohol 


SUPPEK. 

Dried  beef 

Butter 

Milk w. 

Ryo  bread 

Coffee  and  alcohol 


Grams. 


125 
150 
250 

25 

5 

525 

75 

250 


Besides  the  coffee  and  alcohol  consumed  at  the  regular  meals,  100 
grams  was  consumed  in  the  middle  of  the  forenoon,  100  grams  in  the 
middle  of  the  afternoon,  and  the  remainder — about  100  grams — ^^just 
before  retiring. 

Taiu.k  '.V2. — Dailif  programme — Metabolism  experiment  No.  7. 


7.00  a.m. 


l.l*)  -A.  lU. 

10.00  a.  ni. 
1.00  ji.  III. 

1.30  p.  ui. 
3.30  p.  in. 


Rise,  paitit  urine,  weigh  self  Htrip])ed 

6.30  J).  III. 

Supper. 

and  drc'BBed,   collect   drip,  M-eigh 

7.00  ]>.  III. 

I'ass  urine,  weigh  Helf  strippi-d 

and 

a)i8orbcrH. 

dressed,    colliH't    drijt,    weigh 

ab- 

lircakfiiHt.                                                 , 

Horbers. 

Drink  ulcoliol. 

0  (1(1  p.  rii. 

Drink  remainder  of  alcoliol. 

I'lUtH    urine,  collcvt   drip,  wei);h   lib- 

10.00  ]..ni. 

Drink  .100  grams  water,  weigh 

self 

HorberH. 

dressed. 

Dinner,  2(K)  graniH  wator 

1.00  a.  III. 

Pass  urine. 

Drink  alcohol. 

63 


Table  33. — Summary  of  diary — Metabolism  experiment  No.  7. 


Time. 


8, 

7.00  a. 

m 

8, 

9.00  a. 

m 

8, 

11.00  a. 

m 

8, 

1.00  p. 

m 

8, 

3.30  p. 

m 

8, 

5.30  p. 

m 

8, 

7.00  p. 

m 

8, 

7.30  p. 

in 

8, 

9.30  p. 

ni 

8, 

10  00  p. 

ra 

9, 

1.00  a. 

m 

9, 

7.00  a. 

m 

9, 

9.00  a. 

m 

9, 

11.00  a. 

in 

9, 

1.00  p. 

m 

9> 

3.00  p. 

m 

9, 

5.00  p 

m 

9, 

fi.30  p. 

in 

9, 

7.00  p. 

in 

9, 

9.00  p. 

m 

9, 

9.45  p. 

in 

10 

1.00  a. 

111 

10 

7.00  a. 

m 

10, 

7.30  a. 

m 

10 

9.50  a. 

m 

10 

11.30  a. 

m 

10 

1.00  p. 

m 

10 

1.35  p 

m 

10 

3.30  p 

in 

10 

5.30  p 

111 

10 

7.00  p 

m 

10 

7.30  p 

ni 

10 

9.30  p 

in 

10 

10.00  p 

m 

11 

1.00  a. 

m 

11 

7.00  a. 

m 

11 

7.30  a. 

m 

11 

9.30  a 

m 

11 

11.30  a 

m 

11 

1.00  p 

m 

11 

1.35  p 

m 

11 

3.10  p 

m 

11 

5.10  p 

m 

11 

7.00  p 

in 

11 

,    7.15  p 

m 

11 

,    9.35  p 

ni 

11 

,  10.00  p 

m 

12 

1.00  a 

m 

12 

,    7.00  a 

m 

Weight  of  subject. 


Without 
clothes. 


Kiloijrains. 
66.08 


With 
clothes. 


Kilograms. 
70.74 


66.88 


65.80 


66.86 


65.98 


70. 52 


71.48 


71.40 


70.82 


70.71 
69.79 


70.40 
69.90 


Pulse 
rate  per 
minute 


69.95 


71.11 


70.75 
70.00 


Temper- 
ature. 


Hygrometer. 


Dry 
bull). 


•F. 
95.7 
98.8 
98.6 
98.6 
98.2 
98.0 


22.0 
21.5 
21.5 
21.8 
21.0 
21.5 


99.0 
98.0 


97.2 
96.2 
98.8 
98.4 
99.4 
99.2 
99.0 
99.6 


99.0 
98.0 


96.7 

97.8 
99.0 


98.9 
99.2 
99.3 


100.0 
98.7 


97.4 


96.1 

97.0 
99.1 


98.8 
99.0 


99.7 
99.0 


21.8 
21.9 


21.5 
21.5 
21.7 
21.8 
21.6 
21.8 


21.5 


21.8 


21.7 
21.8 
21.6 


21.0 
21.8 
21.5 


21.7 
21.5 


22.0 


21.5 
21.4 
21.4 


21.6 
21.7 
21.8 


Wet 
bulb. 


21.6 
22.0 


18.2 
17.6 
17.4 
17.9 
18.0 
17.8 


18.2 
18.6 


20.0 
19.0 
17.6 
17.8 
18.0 
18.6 
18.4 
18.6 


18.8 
19.6 


17.8 
17.8 
17.8 


17.8 
18.4 
17.8 


18.7 
18.8 


17.4 
17.4 
17.0 


17.9 
18.0 
18.4 


18.5 
19.4 


18.6 


64 


T.\HLK  :^4.- 


JVei'ihl,  ronijiosilion,  and  heats  of  combiiation  of  foods — Metabolism  ciperi- 
mint  2s 0.  7. 


Labo- 

ni- 
ton- 
No. 

Food  material. 

Weight 
per  day. 

"Water. 

Pro- 
tein. 

Carbo- 
Fat.         hy- 
drates. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heats  of 
combus- 
tion 
(deter- 
mined). 

2795 
2796 
2798 
2801 

Beef,  fried 

Beef,  dried 

Eggs,  boiled 

Butter 

drama. 
169.0 

25.0 
141.0 

15.0 
575.0 
150.0 

45.0 
125.0 
150.0 

Grains. 

112.9 

1C.4 

112.7 

1.5 

500.2 

63.6 

Grams. 
43.1 
6.1 
14.1 
2 
20.1 
12.6 

Grams. 
11.3 

.  7 
12.8 
12.9 
27.6 

.9 

Grams. 

22.4 
70.5 
45.0 
24.9 
27.6 

Orams. 

6.90 
.98 

2.25 
.03 

3.22 

2.01 

1.25 
.06 

Chrams. 
29.22 

3.58 
15.45 

9.41 
38.87 
38.57 
18.95 
15.70 
11.00 

Grams. 
4.38 
.54 
2.50 
1.47 
5.69 
5.30 
2.92 
2.23 
1.77 

Calories. 
340 
40 
201 
119 

2800 

Milk 

427 

2804 
2786 

Bread,  rye 

373 

178 

2797 

Beans, baked  ... 
Pear.s,  canned... 

88.6 
120. 7 

7.7 
.5 

1.2 
.8 

157 
115 

ToUil 

Alcobol 

72.5 

1, 010.  6       104.  4 

68.2 

190.4  1     10.70 
'123.0  1 

180.  75       26. 80 
37.  78        9. 52 

1,950 
512 



Total 

1,016.6  1     104.4  1       68.2  1     313.4  1     16.70 

2 18.  .53 

36.32 

2,462 

'  One  gram  of  alcohol  calculated  as  isodynauiically  equivalent  to  1.7  grams  carbohydrates,  this  being 
the  ratio  of  the  heats  of  combustion  (4.1  to  7.1). 

Tablk  3.5. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heats  of  comhuation  of  fresh  feces — Metabolisvi 

experiment  No.  7. 


Labo- 
ra- 
tory 
No. 

"Weight. 

"Water 

Pro- 
tein. 

Fat. 

Carbo- 
hy- 
drates. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heats  of 
combus- 
tion 
(deter- 
mined). 

2810 

Feces,  4  days 

Average,  Iday.. 

drams. 
198.0 
49.5 

Grams. 

140.  60 

35.15 

Grams. 

22.4 

5.6 

Grams. 
9.7 
2.4 

Orams. 

15.1 

3.8 

Orams. 

3.58 

.90 

Grams. 

26.59 

6.65 

Orams. 
3.  .51 

.88 

Calories. 
303 
76 

65 

Table  36. — Amounts  and  composition  of  urine — Metabolism  experiment  No.  7. 


Date. 

Period. 

Amount. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Nitrogen.                      Carbon. 

1897. 
Juno      8-9 

Orams. 
473.3 
318.7 
480.0 
185.4 

1.025 
1.026 
1.017 
1.025 

Per  cent. 

1.37 

1.34 

.  1-14 

1.79 

Grams. 
6.48 

4.27 

,  Per  cent. 

Grams. 

5.47 
3.  32 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m 

Total.... 

Total  by  composite. . . 

1,457.4 
1,457.4 

19.54 
19.53 

14.64 

1.34 

9  10 

649.0 
732.0 
659.0 
162.8 

1.015 
1.016 
1.012 
1.024 

.79 
.72 
.72 
1.62 

5.13 
5.28 
4.74 
2.64 

!ft-ll 

11-12 

12-13 

Total 

2, 202.  8 
2,  202. 8 

17.79 
17.84 

13.33 

Total  by  composite. . . 

.81 

437.1 
439.2 
321.9 
301.0 

1.016 
1.023 
1.020 
1.019 

.92 
1.00 
1.23 
1.23 

4.02 
4.39 
3.96 
3.70 

Total 

1,499.2 
1, 499.  2 

16.07 
16.19 

12.04 

Total  by  composite. . . 

1.08 

273.5 
392.0 
531.0 
181.5 

1,  378.  0 
1,  378. 0 

6, 537.4 
6,  537. 4 

1.024 
1.  022 
1.017 
1.024 

1.37 
1.25 
1.05 
1.68 

3.75 
4.90 
5.58 
3.05 

Total 

17. 28 
17.37 

12.94 

Total  by  composite. . . 
Total  for  4  days,  by 

1.26 

70.68 
70.60 

Composite  for  4  days. 

1.08 

0.81 

52.95 

271.6 
330.4 
221.0 
287.3 

1.026 
1. 029 
1.026 
1.023 

1.42 
1.32 
1.48 
1.38 

3.86 
4.36 
3.27 
3.96 



Total 

1, 110.  3 

15.45 

11.82 

12388— ;N'o.  60—02- 


66 

Table  36. — Ainouni»  and  compoxilion  of  urine — Metabolism  experiment  No.  7 — Cont'd. 


Period. 

Heats  of  combustion. 

Date. 

Per  gram. 

Total. 

1897. 
Jane      a-9 

Per  cent. 

Graww. 

Per  cent. 

Gramt. 

Calories. 

Oalories. 

Xotal               

3.97 

1, 382.  0 

0.103 

150 

9-10 

Total 

3.62 

2, 134. 2 

.057 

l'>6 

10-11 

Total    

3.27 

i,  437. 2 

.090 

135 

11-12 

Total 

3.52 

1,311.4 

.093 

128 

Total  for  4  days^  by 

538 

Composite  for  4  days. 

0.22 

14.38 

95.83 

6,264.8 

.087 

'569 

13-13 

1 

7  p.  in,  to  1  a.m 

i 

Total 

3.20 

1, 049. 1 

. 115   1                 12K 

'  Total  beat  of  combustion  as  determined  in  dried  urine  gives  562  calories  (see  p.  23). 


67 


Table  37. — Comparison  of  residual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber 
at  the  beginning  and  end  of  each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism 
experiment  No.  7, 


End  of  period. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

"Water. 

Date. 

a 

a 

aa 

cS 

o 
H 

ii 

— .  o 

- « (1 

»  >  c 
'cS  O  Ph 
O 

§.s 
"s  a  ►^ 

J,  el 

o  « 
^  o 

-^  Q,    . 

+     13 

a  »  n 
Soft 
O 

S''  ■ 

MOT 

o 

£ 

o 
cS 

i 

.9" 

's-i 

.a  I 

ii| 

1897. 
June      8  9 

Grams. 
30.8 
44.9 
48.6 
46.7 
30.0 

Grams. 

Grams. 
52.2 
53.6 
59.8 
60.9 
57.6 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

+  14.1 
+  3.7 
—  1.9 
—16.7 

+  1.4 
+  6.2 
+  1.1 
—  3.3 

+  42 
+  48 
+  14 
+  14 

50.8 
12.7 
12.8 

+  43.4 
+105. 0 
+  27.8 
+  23.5 

Total 

—    .8  1 

+  5.4 

+  118 

76.3 

+199. 7 

9-10 

43.4 

57.8 
43.8 
26.3 

+  13.4 
+14.4 
—14.0 
—17.5 

53.8 
58.9 
64.7 
53.6 

-  3.8 
+  5.1 
+  5.8 
—11.1 

+  17 
+  17 

—  13 

—  12 

21.3 
21.3 

47.8 
47.8 

+  34.5 
+  43.4 
+  40.6 
+  24.7 

Total 

—  3.7    

—  4.0 

+     9 

138.2 

+  143.2 

10  11 

59.3 
49.8 
35.1 
26.2 

+33.0 

—  9.5 
—14.7 

-  8.9 

57.5 
56.3 
61.7 
50.7 

+  3.9 
—  1.2 

+  5.4 
-11.0 

+     8 
+  32 

—  12 

—  12 

21.5 
48.3 
46.3 
46.4 

+  33.4 
+  79.1 
+  39.7 
+  23.4 

Total 

—    .1  j 

—  2.9 

+  16 

162.5 

+  175.6 

11-12 

41.6 
48.2 
33.0 
24.7 

+15.4 
+  6.6 
—15.2 
—  8.3 

42.3 
45.2 
46.5 
40.6 

—  8.4 
+  2.9 
+  1.3 

—  5.9 

+     6 
+  12 

—  29 

—  29 

34.9 
58.6 
44.5 
44.5 

+  32.5 
+  73.5 
+  16.8 
+     9.6 

7  a.  m 

Total 

—  1.5 

—10.1 

—  40 

182.5 

+  132.4 

Totalfor4days 

—  6.1 

—11.6 

+103 

559.5 

+  650.9 

68 

Table  38. — Record  of  carbon  dioxid  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experimem 

No.  7. 


Period. 

(a) 

be 
_a 

S 

"t 

O  u 

a  =s 

a 
> 

Carbon  dioxid  per  liter. 

4 

s 
■2  5 

1 

n 

0.5 

(<7) 

0 

ih) 

Date. 

(6) 

u 

'S 
bt 
a 

1 

a 

(c) 
'3 

bS 

a 

O 

O 

a 

M 

I- 

°  i 
at 

'a 

m  bD 

g.9 

a  a 
2  = 

i-S 

0  iTS 
H 

1897. 
Jane     8-9 

7  .1.  111.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.m.  to7p.ra 

7  p.m.  to  la.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.m 

Total 

Liters. 
23, 060 
22, 639 
24,249 
24,  530 

Hgs. 

0.506 
.510 
.491 
.519 

Mg.i. 
8.872 
9.355 
9.977 
6.525 

Mgs. 
8.366 
8.845 
9.486 
6.006 

Orams. 
192.9 
200.2 
230.0 
147.3 

Grams. 

+14.1 
+  3.7 
—  1.9 
-16.7 

Grams. 
207.0 
203.9 
228.1 
130.0 

Grams. 
56.5 
55.6 
62.2 
35.6 

94, 478 

770.4 

—  0.8 

769.6 

209  9 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  Ill 

1p.m. to  7p.m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m 

1  a. m.  to  7  a.m 

Total 

17914 
9.508 
9.265 
6.021 

»-10 

22,  951 
22, 656 
24,094 
25, 812 

.705 
.503 
.458 
.458 

9. 619 

10.011 

9.723 

6.479 

204.6 
215.4 
223.2 
155.4 

+13.4 

+  14.4 
—14.0 
-17.5 

218.0 
209.8 
209.2 
137.9 

59.4 
62.7 
57.0 
37.6 

95,  513 

1 

798.6 

—  3.7 

794.9 

216.7 

7a.m.  to  1  p.m ' 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m 

1a.m.  to  7  a.m 

Total 

1 

10-11 

22, 143 
23, 301 
26, 107 
25,  221 

.828 
.548 
.512 
.535 

9.358 
9.795 
10.447 
5.927 

8.530 
9.247 
9.935 
5.392 

188.9 
215.4 
259.4 
136.0 

+33.0 

—  9.5 
—14.7 

—  8.9 

221.9 
205.9 
244.7 
127.1 

60.5 
56.2 
66.7 
34.7 

96,  772 

799.7 

—  0. 1  1    799.  6 

218.1 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.m.  to 7  p.m 

7p.m.  to  1  a.m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

11-12 

23,  347 
23, 596 
27,040 
25,  773 

.706 
.931 
.663 
.697 

8.458 
9.769 
9.725 
6.270 

7.752 
8.838 
9.062 
5.573 

181.0 
208.5 
250.5 
143.6 

+  15.4 
+  6.6 
—15. 2 
—  8.3 

196.4 
215.1 
235.3 
135.3 

!J3.  6 
58.6 
C4.2 
36.9 

100,356 

783.  6 

—  1.5 

782.1 

213.3 

Total  for 4  days. 

387, 119 

3, 152.  3 

—  6.1 

3, 146. 2 

858.0 

69 

Table  39. — Record  of  water  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiment  No.  7. 


Period. 

(a) 

II 

Is 

> 

Water  per  liter. 

(«) 

2X 

^  p 

o  «) 
H 

(/) 

o 

o 

9 

a 
o 

(U) 
.2 -9 

(h) 

Date. 

(6) 

'S 

bt 

a 

a 

o 
o 
a 

a 

M 

(c) 

u 

'3 

to 
fl 

1 

3 
O 

a 

M 

(d) 

Id 

H    ■ 

1 
0 

H 

1897. 
June      8-9 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Liters. 
23,060 
22, 639 
24,249 
24, 530 

Mgs. 
1.103 
1.049 
1.057 
1.011 

Mgs. 
1.432 
1.579 
1.432 
1.430 

Mg». 

0.329 
.530 
.375 
.419 

Gramg. 
7.6 
12.0 
9.1 
10.3 

Grams. 
220.9 
216.0 
265.0 
255.6 

Grams. 
43.4 

105.0 
27.8 
23.5 

Grams. 
271.9 
333.0 
301.9 
289.4 

94, 478 

39.0 

957.5 

199.7 

1,196.2 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

9-10 

22,  951 
22, 656 
24,094 
25, 812 

I.OIH 
1.142 
1.000 
1.039 

1.394 
1.486 
1.553 
1.545 

.376 
.344 
.553 
.506 

8.6 

7.8 

13.3 

13.1 

224.8 
235.7 
266.2 
264.1 

34.5 
43.4 
40.6 
24.7 

267.9 
286.9 
320.1 
301.9 

Total 

95,  513 

1 

42.  8  1     990. 8 

143.2 

33X 
79.1 
39.7 
23.4 

1  176.8 

10-11 

7  a-  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7p.m. tol  a.m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

22, 143 
23, 301 
26, 107 
25,221 

1.116 
1.147 
1.150 
1.049 

1.519 
1.616 
1.692 
1.480 

.403 
.469 
.542 
.431 

8.9 
10.9 
14.2 
10.9 

218.2 
225.9 
292.1 
250.  2 

260.  5 
315.9 
346.0 
284.5 

Total 

96, 772 

44.9 

986.4 

175.6 

1,  206.  9 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a. m 

Total 

... 

11-12 

23,  347 
23, 596 
27,640 
25,  773 

1.202 

.993 

1.202 

1.202 

1.419 
1.499 
1.494 
1.399 

.217 
.506 
.292 
.197 

5.0 
11.9 
8.1 
5.1 

215.5 
235.0 
304.6 
251.6 

32.5 
73.5 
16.8 
9.6 

253.0 
320. 4 
329.5 
266.3 

100,  356 

1 

30.1  jl,006.7 

132.4 

1, 169.  2 

Total  for 4  days. 

387, 119 

156.8  1 3.  941.4 

650.9 

4, 749. 1 

70 

Tahlk  40.  — Summary  of  calorimetrii  measurements — Metabolism  experiment  No.  7. 


Bate. 

Period. 

(a) 

•si 

io 

go 
1 

Average   range   in    tem- 
perature   between    in-    -~ 
coming    and   outgoing    -^ 
water,  <,  to  t^. 

(c) 

u  a 

4 

(d) 

m 

o 

2« 

S  g 

1 

W 

o 
<s 

3 

ts  C 

P.O 

as 

§ 

ja 

1897. 

Calories. 
517.2 
503.3 
480.0 
291.3 

Degrees. 
6. 12-14. 82 
5.  82-13. 73 
7.  38-15. 17 
10.62-16.76 

1. 0028 
1.0031 
1.0023 
1.0015 

Calories. 
518.7 
504.9 
481.1 
291.7 

Degrees. 
—0.03 

+  .02 

—  .01 

+  .10 

Total                  

1,791.8 

1,796.4 

9-10 

509.7 
561.4 
475.4 
274.4 

5. 96-14. 18 
6. 11-15.  89 
7. 10-15. 27 
11.02-17.12 

1. 0030 
1.  0026 
1. 0025 
1. 0014 

511.2 
562.9 
476.6 
274.8 

-f  .07 

—  .13 

—  .05 

+  .06 

Total 

1, 820.  9 

1,  825.  5 



10-11 

491.5 
546.5 
497.5 
288.3 

6. 85-14. 90 
4. 51-14. 09 
8.  00-14. 97 
10.94-16.32 

1. 0025 
1.0033 
1.  0023 
1. 0015 

492.7 
548.3 
498.7 
288.7 

-  .08 

+  .05 

Total 

1,823.8 

1,828.4 

11-12 

452.6 
530.0 
463.8 
280.0 

6. 18-14. 43 
5.  98-14. 83 
8.  54-15.  35 
11.82-16.62 

1.0029 
1.0029 
1.0025 
1.  0013 

453.9 
531.5 
465.0 
280.4 

+  .10 

—  .03 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

—  .07 

Total 

1, 726. 4 

1, 730.  8 

7, 181. 1 

71 


Table  40. — Summary  of  calorimetric  measurements — Metabolism  experiment  No. 

Continued. 


7— 


Date. 

Period. 

(/) 

o 

Ho 
o  to 

■■Sx 
o  » 

oB 

a 

£  o 

1" 

o 

3  O 

2  ° 

n 

"Water  vaporized,  equals 
total    amount    exhaled    -.^ 
less  amount  condensed    S 
in  chamber. 

(i) 

a 
o 

•li 

Em 

ax 

It 

w 

ilc) 

•a 
o 

a 

I. 
-S  + 

o  + 

1897. 
June      8-9 

Oalorieg. 

—  2 
+  1 
+  6 

Calories. 

—  6.1 

—  4.4 
+  4.3 

Grams. 
229.9 
234.2 
275.2 
262.6 

Calories. 
136.1 
138.7 
162.9 
155.5 

Calories. 
646.7 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

640.2 

654.3 

447.2 

Total 

+  5 

—  6.2 

1,001.9 

593.2 

2, 388.  4 

9-10 

+  4 

—  8 

—  3 
+  4 

—  1.6 

—  4.7 

—  1.2 

229.6 
248.6 
285.3 
266.1 

135.9 
147.2 
168.9 
157.5 

649.5 

697.4 

7p.  m.  tola,  m 

641.3 

436.3 

T  0 1  al 

—  3 

—  7.5 

1,  029. 6 

609. 5             2, 424. 5 

10-11 

—  5.2 

—  0.4 
+  1.8 

231.0 
235.6 
311.7 
250.1 

136.8 
139.4 
184.5 
148.1 

624.3 

Ip.  m.  to7p.  m 

—  5 
+  3 

682.3 

688.0 

1  a. nt. to7  a. m 

436.8 

Total 

—  2 

—  3.8 

1,  028. 4 

608.8 

2,431.4 

11-12 

—  5.4 

—  2.9 
+  1.5 

212.1 
249.8 
314.0 
250.8 

125.6 
147.8 
185.9 
148.5 

574.1 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

+  6 

—  2 

—  4 

682-4 

650.4 

424.9 

Total 

—  6.8 

1, 026.  7 
4,  086. 6 

607.8 
2,  419. 3 

2, 331.  8 

—24.3 

9, 576. 1 

72 

Table  41. — Alcohol  excreted  hy  the  luhiei/n  and  hy  the  skin  and  lungs — Metabolism  ex- 

pm'imint  No.  7. 


Period. 

Alcohol— 

Date. 

Found 

in 
urine. 

Found  in  respiratory  pnid- 
ucts. 

Total 
excreted. 

Total 
income. 

Used  in 

In 
freezers. 

In  drip. 

In  air 
current. 

body. 

1897. 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  Ill 

do 

Orams. 

0.93 

.91 

1.12 

Oram*. 

Gram*. 

Orams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

c 

7 

do 

do 



2.81 
2.95 
3.72 
2.42 

8 

.13 
.28 
.38 
.08 

\        1.31 

.70 
.29 

\         'H 

2.00 

2.00 

'2. 02 

2.03 

72.54 
72.54 
72.54 
72.54 

69.73 

9 

do 

69.50 

10 

do 

68.82 

11 

do 

do 

70.12 

12 

.02 
Trace. 

13 

do 

Total  for  June  8, 
a,  10,  and  11  .... 

.87 

2.30 

.08 

8.65 

11.00 

290. 10 

278.  26 

'  By  an  accident  some  of  the  coflfeo  and  alcohol,  sufficient  to  contain  2.18  grams  absolute  alcohol,  was 
spilled  upon  the  floor  of  the  chamber  and  an  equivalent  amount  was  passed  in  for  consumption  by  the 
subject.  The  actual  amount  of  alcohol  found  in  the  air  current  during  the  day  was  4.80  gram.s,  of 
which  it  is  a-ssumed  that  2.18  grams  came  from  the  alcohol  .spilled  and  the  renuiindor  (2.02  grani.i) 
from  alcohol  eliminated  from  the  lungs  and  skin. 

The  figures  iii  Table  41  demand  a  word  of  comment.  The  alcohol  in 
the  respiratory  ]tioducts,  i.  e.,  that  excreted  by  the  lungs  and  skin,  was 
found  mostly  in  the  air  current  after  it  had  passed  the  freezer.  But 
little  was  retained  Avith  the  ice  in  the  freezer  and  still  less  was  collected 
in  the  drip  water.  The  determinations  of  this  elimination  of  alcohol 
were  made  according  to  the  first  of  the  methods  described  above,  pp. 
20-29,  and  they  doubtless  give  too  high  results,  but  are  of  value  as 
indicating  that  the  amount  of  excretion  is  relatively  small.  The  total 
amount  as  thus  measured  for  the  four  days  was  only  12  grams  as  com- 
pared with  2!K>  grams  consumed  in  the  food,  or  about  4  per  cent.  Later 
experiments  (see  ]>]).  27,  .109)  lead  us  to  doubt  whether  the  actual 
amount  of  alcohol  eliminated  irom  the  body  could  have  been  much 
more  than  half  that  found  by  the  method  in  this  experiment. 

It  shonld  be  added  that  quantitative  tests  gave;  no  evidence  of  the 
presence  of  aldchydi;  or  other  pro<Iiu;ts  of  the  x)artial  oxidation  of  alco- 
hol in  either  urine  or  air  current. 


73 

The  computed  data  of  income  and  outgo  are  as  follows : 

Tabi,e  42. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiment  No.  7. 


Kitrogen. 

Carbon. 

(a) 

{!>) 

(c) 

(d) 

(e) 

(/) 

(fl-) 

(A) 

(i) 

(k) 

Date. 

o 
.o 

o 

=2 

a 

J, 

+ 1 

o 
=2 

s  ■ 

a 

3 

u 
c 

u  -^ 
—1  o 

as 

S)  O 

1 

II 

"is 

It 

•S  1 

a 

n 

H 

M 

o 

M 

a 

d 

M 

0 

M 

a 

O 

1897. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Gram,s. 

Grains. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

June  8-9,  7  a.  m. 

to  7  a.  na 

16.7 

0.9 

19.6 

—3.8 

218.5 

6.6 

14.7 

209.9 

1.5 

-14.2 

June  9-10,  7  a.  m. 

to  7  a.  m 

16.7 

.9 

17.8 

—2.0 

218.5 

6.7 

13.3 

216.7 

1.5 

—19.7 

June  10-11,  7  a.  lu. 

to  7  a.  ni 

16.7 

.9 

16.2 

—  .4 

218.5 

6.6 

12.0 

218.1 

1.9 

—20.1 

Junell-12,  7  a.  m. 

to  7  a.  m 

16.7 

.9 

17.3 

—1.5 

218.6 

6.7 

13.0 

213.3 

1.3 

—15.7 

Total,  4  days 

66.8 

3.6 

70.9 

—7.7 

874.1 

26.6 

53.0 

858.0 

6.2 

—69.7 

Average,  1  day.. 

16.7 

.9 

17.7 

—1.9 

218.5 

6.6 

13.3 

214.5 

1.5 

—17.4 

■  Including  nitrogen  in  perspiration.  The  underclothes  of  the  subject  at  the  end  of  experiment 
were  extracted  with  distilled  water  and  the  nitrogen  determined,  which  amounted  to  0.19  gram  N. 
(See  p.  24.) 

The  amount  of  water  in  the  mixture  of  coffee  infusion  and  alcohol 
and  the  amount  of  drinking  water  actually  consumed  each  day  during 
this  experiment  are  shown  in  the  following  table.  The  alcohol  mixture 
was  made  by  adding  to  875  grams  of  cottee  infusion  45  grams  of  sugar 
and  80  grams  of  90.67  per  cent  alcohol,  thus  making  a  total  of  1,000 
grams,  containing  882.5  grams  water. 

Becord  of  drinlcing  water  and  coffee — Metabolism  experiment  No.  7. 


Dat«. 

Coffee 
infusion. 

Drinking 
water. 

Total 
drink. 

Gram,s. 

882.5 
882.5 
882.5 
882.5 

Grams. 

300.0 
500.0 
526.5 
500.0 

Grams. 

1, 182. 5 

9 

1,  382. 5 

10                                           

1, 409. 0 

11 

1, 382. 5 

Total                 

3, 530. 0 

1,826.5 

5, 356. 5 

To  avoid  loss  of  sugar  and  alcohol  the  coffee  was  carefully  drained 
out  of  the  vessel  in  which  it  was  passed  into  the  chamber,  so  that  the 
whole  882.5  grams  of  water  were  drunk  each  day.     The  amount  of 


74 

drinking  water  served  the  first  day  proved  to  be  insufiflcieut  for  the 
satisfying  of  the  subject's  thirst,  so  larger  amounts  were  served  on  the 
following  days. 

Tablb  43. — Income  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiment  No.  7. 


Period. 

"Water. 

Bate. 

(a) 

1 

a 

M 

(6) 

n 

'u 

a 

M 

(c) 

go 
e 
o 

•2 
a 

M 

(d) 

« 
a 
'C 

s 
a 

M 

(e) 

n 

a 

Si 

«  + 
a  » 

u 

1897. 
June    8-  9 
9-10 

7  a.  m.  to7a.  m.. 
do 

O-rams. 
1,016.6 
1,  016. 6 
1, 016.  6 
1,016.6 

Orams. 
1, 182. 5 
1,  382.  5 

*  1,409.0 
1, 382.  5 

Orams. 
35.1 
35.2 
35.1 
35.2 

Growl*. 
1, 382. 0 
2, 134.  2 
1, 437.  2 
1,311.4 

Crows. 
1,  201. 2 
1,182.8 
1,211.9 
1, 176.  2 

Orams. 

—  419.2 

—  953. 1 

10  11 

do 

—    258.6 

11-12 

do 

—    123. 7 

Total,  4  days... 
Average,  1  day. 

4,  066. 4 
1, 016.  6 

5,  356. 5 
1, 339. 1 

140.6 
35.2 

6,  264.  8 
1,566.2 

4, 772. 1 
1, 193. 0 

—1,  754.  6 
-    438.7 

Hydrogen. 

(ff) 

(^0 

(t) 

(t) 

(0 

(m) 

(n) 

Date. 

Period. 

<S 

a 

o 

a 

M 

s 
a 

a 

H 

1 

—  73 
O  O 

a 

M 

Apparent   gain 
g—{k+i+k). 

1 

^   . 

a® 

ai 

o 

o  ^ 

±1 

'3-p 
"a  00 

P 

1897. 

Oram,!. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

OramM. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

Jane   8- 9 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m.. 

36.  :t 

0.8 

4.0 

0.4 

+  31.1 

46.6 

—15.5 

9-10 

do 

36.3 
36.3 
36.3 

.9 
.9 
.9 

3.6 
3.3 
3.5 

.4 
.5 
.3 

+  31.4 
+  31.6 
+  31.6 

105.9 
28.7 
13.7 

—74.5 

10-11 

do 

+  2.9 

11-12 

do 

+17.9 

Total, 4  days... 

145.2 

3.5 

14.4 

1.6 

+  125.7 

1M.9 

—69.2 

Average,  1  day. 

36.3 

.9 

3.6 

.4 

+  31.4 

48.7 

—17. 3 

'  Including  23  grama  of  water  iu  perspiraton. 
'Including  20.5  gnim.s  water  in  coffee  spilled  in  cliainber. 

It  will  be  observed  (Tables  42  and  45)  that  in  experiment  No.  7 
the  available  nitrogen,  i.  e.,  that  of  the  food  less  that  of  the  feces, 
was  ir).8  grams,  and  the  available  energy,  i.  e.,  that  of  the  food  less 
that  of  the  feces  and  urine,  was  2,251  calories  per  day.  In  experiment 
No.  5,  with  the  same  subject,  E.  O.,  the  corresi)onding  figures,  as  shown 
in  Tables  13  and  10,  are  17.4  grams  of  nitrogen  and  2,384  calories. 
Accordingly,  in  experiment  No.  7  the  available  nitrogen  was  less  by  1.6 
grams  and  the  available  energj'  less  by  133  calories  than  in  No.  5.  The 
other  conditions  of  the  two  experiments  were  similar  except  that  part 
of  the  fats  and  carbohydrates  of  the  diet  in  experiment  No.  5  were 


75 

replaced  by  an  isodynamic  amount  of  alcohol  in  experiment  N"o.  7.  In 
No.  5  there  was  (Table  13)  a  daily  loss  of  nitrogen,  amounting  to  0.7 
gram,  and  in  No.  7  (Table  42)  a  corresponding  loss  of  1.9  grams.  The 
loss  of  fat  in  No.  5  (Table  15)  was  7.8  grams  and  in  No.  7  (Table  44) 
14.5  grams.  In  other  words,  comparing  the  two  experiments  with  the 
same  subject  and  under  conditions  as  to  exercise  essentially  similar, 
but  with  the  diet  in  No.  7  furnishing  1.6  grams  less  available  nitrogen 
and  133  calories  less  available  energy,  the  loss  of  nitrogen  in  No.  7 
was  1.2  grams  more  and  that  of  fat  0.5  grains  more  than  in  No.  5.  The 
energy  of  the  excess  of  protein  and  of  fat  lost  in  No.  7  would  be  108 
calories;  that  is  to  say,  the  losses  of  protein  and  energy  were  greater 
in  No.  7  than  in  No.  5,  but  not  large  enough  to  be  equivalent  to  the 
diminution  of  nitrogen  and  energy  in  the  diet  of  No.  7  as  compared 
with  No.  5.  This  statement  is  made  in  the  present  edition  because  the 
figures  of  Table  44  have  been  interpreted  as  indicating  that  the  loss  of 
nitrogen  in  experiment  No.  7  was  due  to  the  alcohol  of  the  diet.  This 
interpretation  takes  no  account  of  the  amounts  of  nitrogen  and  energy 
in  the  food. 

Table  44. — Gain  or  loss  of  protein  {N  X  6.35),  fat,  and  water — Metabolism  experiment 

No.  7. 


(a) 

(6) 

(c) 

(d) 

(e) 

(/) 

Date. 

Period. 

.27 

rx 

It 

1± 

<o  1 

Piwja 
■"  (0    1 

1^  -1 

Ooo 

0  '^ 

Cox 
oj""  in 

g  sto 

-»  ci  JO 

O  M.2 

"3  J, 

fz;^ 

e^ 

H 

O 

O 

fe 

1897. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Gram,s. 

June    8    9 

—3.8 
—2.0 

—23.8 
—12. 5 

—14.2 
—19.7 

-12.6 
—  6.7 

—  1.6 
—13.0 

2.1 

9-10 

do 

—17.1 

10-11 

do 

—  .4 

—  2.5 

—20.1 

—  1.3 

—18.8 

—24.7 

11  12 

do  

—1.5 

—  9.4 

—15.7 

—  5.0 

—10.7 

14.1 

Total,  4  days 

—7.7 

—48.2 

—69.7 

—25.6 

—44.1 

—58.0 

Average,  1  day 

—1.9 

-12.0 

—17.4 

—  6.4 

-11.0 

-14.5 

Date. 

Period. 

ig) 

o  * 

III 

Hydrogen  in    pro- 
tein gained  (+)    — 
or  loat  (— )  (bx     -S 
.07). 

(i) 

.all 

bca  1 
ii  1^  IB 

W 

(k) 

0  .-fex 
•"»°+ 

«    -  1 

><•«  a  J, 

W 

(I) 

~X 

•9? 

>'  0 

1897. 
June    8- 9 

Grams. 
—15.5 
—74.5 
+  2.9 
+  17.9 

Gram,s. 
—1.7 

—  .9 

—  .2 

—  .6 

Grams. 
-  .2 
—2.0 
—2.9 
—1.7 

Gram,s. 
-13.6 
-71.6 
+  6.0 
+20.2 

Grams. 
—122.4 

9  10 

do 

—644.4 

10  11 

do 

+  .54.0 

11-12 

do 

+181.8 

Total,  4  days 

—69.2 
-17.3 

—3.4 

—  .8 

—6.8 
—1.7 

—59.0 
-14.8 

-531.0 

—132. 8 

76 

Tablk  45. — Income  and  outgo  of  eiienjy — AfetaboUsm  experiment  No.  7. 


(a) 

(6) 

(c) 

(m) 

{d) 

{e) 

(/) 

(9) 

ih) 

(») 

Date. 

a 

o 

a 
o 

i 
i 

a 
P 

o 
a 

O 

i 

o  a 

to 

4)  "43 

p 

o 
o 

« 

S 

o 
<J 

Cm 

O 

11 

u 

tM 

o 

C3 

e9 

.a  o'T- 
.so  ^ 

4^    CQ 

Lis 

s  S  i 

"3  ._  « 

«  M  + 

13  I 

M  fc.  e 

a 
P 

_g 
«> 

0! 

.5  1   • 

Hi 
-SI 

w 

W 

W 

W 

P^ 

&; 

W 

w 

w 

w 

1897. 

Calo- 

Oalo- 

Oaio- 

Oalo- 

CaZo- 

Galo- 

CaJo- 

Calo- 

Cato- 

Per 

June  8-9,  7  a.  ni. 

ries. 

nes. 

nes. 

rtes. 

nes. 

nes. 

net. 

ries. 

jtes. 

CCJlt. 

to  7  a.  m 

2,462 

75 

150 

20 

—134 

—  20 

2, 371 

2,388 

+   17 

+0.8 

Juno  9-10,  7  a.  ni. 

to7  a.ni 

2,462 

76 

126 

21 

—  71 

-163 

2,473 

2,425 

—  48 

—1.9 

JunelO-11,  7  a.  m. 

to  7  a.  m 

2,462 

76 

134 

26 

—  14 

—236 

2,476 

2,431 

—  45 

—1.7 

June  11-12,7  a.  m. 

to  7  a.  m 

2,462 

76 

128 

17 

—  53 

—134 

2,478 

2,332 

—  96 

—3.9 

Total,  4  days... 

9,848 

303 

538 

84 

—272 

—553 

9,748 

9,576 

—172 

Average,  1  day. 

2,462 

76 

134 

21 

—  68 

-138 

2,436 

2,394 

—  43 

-1.7 

111  tlii.s  experiment  the  average  daily  income  of  energy,  i.  e.,  the 
estimated  heat  of  combustion  of  material  actually  oxidized  in  the  body, 
averaged  2,4.36  calories  per  day;  and  the  outgo,  i.  e.,  the  heat  given 
off  from  the  body  and  measured,  was  2,394  calories.  This  measured 
outgo  was  thus  08.3  i^er  cent  of  the  theoretical  income.  This  discrep- 
ancy of  1.7  per  cent  Avas  smaller  than  that  of  either  of  the  two  preced- 
ing or  the  next  succeeding  experiments. 


DETAILS  OF  METABOLISM  EXPERIMENT  NO.  8. 

The  subject  entered  the  chamber  of  the  calorimeter  on  the  evening  of 
November  7, 1897,  and  the  experiment  proper  commenced  as  usual  at  7 
a.  m.  the  following  morning.  The  experiment  was  a  so-called  rest  experi- 
ment— that  is,  the  subject  engaged  in  no  muscular  work  other  than  that 
rcfjuired  in  the  regular  routine  of  observations  outlined  in  the  daily 
programme.  The  diet  contained  no  alcohol,  but  water  was  supplied  at 
regular  intervals  during  the  day,  so  that  the  total  amount  of  drink  was 
about  the  same  as  tliat  in  No.  7,  when  alcohol  was  taken  in  successive 
portions.  The  amount  of  water  vapor  in  the  chamber  was  not  sufficient 
to  cause  an  ai)preciablo  amount  of  drip.  The  explanation  of  the  small 
amount  of  drij)  here  as  compared  with  the  larger  amount  in  experiment 
No.  7)  also  a  rest  exijcrimcnt,  is  doubtless  to  be  found  in  the  higher 
temperature  of  the  water  as  it  entered  the  absorbers  in  this  experiment. 
As  in  ])revious  ex|)eriments.  the  furniture  and  bed<ling  were  weighed  at 
the  beginning  and  end  of  the  experiment,  but  no  appreciable  change  in 


77 


weight  was  found.  The  methods  of  calculation  of  the  tables  in  this 
experiment  are  the  same  as  previously  described.  The  results  are 
recorded  in  Tables  4G-59,  which  follow. 

Table  46. — Daily  menu — Metabolism  experiment  No.  8. 


Boiled  egga . 
Rye  bread . . 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 

CoflFee 


Menu. 


BREAKFAST. 


Beef,  fried  . . . 
Baked  beans. 
Rye  bread  . . . 
Butter 


Grams. 


95 
100 

15 
250 

15 
300 

150 
125 
100 
10 


Menu. 


DiNNKE — continued 

Milk 

Sugar , 

Coffee 

SUPPER. 

Rye  bread 

Milk 

Sugar 

Butter 

Apples 

Coffee , 


Grams. 


100 

10 

300 

125 
500 
15 
10 
200 
300 


Table  47. — Daily  programme — Metabolism  experiment  No.  S. 


7.00  a. m  . . 

7.45  a.  m  .. 

10.30  a.  m  . . 

1.00  p.  m  . . 

1.30  p.  m  . . 


Rise ;  pass  urine ;  weigh  self  stripped ; 
collect  drip;  weigh  absorbers. 

Breakfast. 

Drink  200  grams  of  water. 

Pass  urine ;  collect  drip ;  weigh  ab- 
sorbers. 

Dinner. 


3.30  p.  m  . 
6.30  p.  m  . 
7.00  p.  m  . 

10.00  p.  m  . 

1.00  a.  m  - 


Drink  200  grams  water. 

Supper. 

Pass  urine ;  collect  drip ;  weigh  ab- 
sorbers. 

Pass  urine;  drink  200  grams  water; 
weigh  self  stripped ;  retire. 

Pass  urine. 


Table  48. — Summary  of  diary — Metabolism  experiment  No.  S. 


Weight  of  subject. 

Pulse 
rate  per 
minute. 

TeTuper- 
ature. 

Hygrometer. 

Time. 

Without 
clothes. 

With 
clothes. 

Dry 
bulb. 

Wet 
bulb. 

1897. 
Nov.    8,    7.00a.m 

Kilograms. 
67.65 

Kilograme. 
71.55 

OF. 

°0. 
22.4 

°G. 
18.2 

8,    9.00  a.  m 

73 

98.7 

8,  11.00  a.  m 

21.7 
22.4 
21.3 
22.4 

17  0 

8,    2.30  p.  m 

99.0 

18.6 

8,    5.00  p.  m 1-       -- 

17.4 

8,    9.45  p.  m 

68 

98.6 

18  4 

8,  10.00  p.  m 

67.74 
66.52 

9,    7.00  a.  m 

22.2 

17.9 

9,    8.15  a.  m 

62 

98.1 

9,  11.30  a.  m 

21.7 
21.0 
22. 1 

17.2 

9,    4.30  p.  m 

98.3 
98.6 

16.8 

9,  10.00  p.  m 

67.26 
66.26 

66 

18.0 

10,    7.00  a.  m 

10,    7.30  a.  m 

63 

97.4 
.......... 

21.4 
2L0 

17.1 

10,  11.30  a.  m 

16.4 

78 

Tablb  48. — Summary  of  diary — Metabolism  experiment  No.  8 — Continued. 


"Weight  of  subject. 

Pulse 
rate  per 
minute. 

Temper- 
ature. 

Hygrometer. 

Time. 

Without 
clothes. 

With 
clothes. 

Dry 
bulb. 

Wet 
bulb. 

1897. 

Kilograms. 

Kilograms. 

98.4 

°0. 
22.1 
22.5 

°0. 
17  2 

10     7.15  p.  m           

19  3 

10,  10.00  p.  m 

67.22 

10  10.15  p.  m 

64 

98.6 

22.0 

18  4 

11,    7.00  a.  m 

66.20 

11,    7.30  a.  m 

64 

97.0 

21.0 
21.2 
21.4 

22.5 

17  2 

11,  10.30  a.  m 

17.0 

11,    1.15  p.m 

16.9 

11,    7.15  p.m 

18.4 

•  11,  10.00  p.m 

67.49 

11,  10.20  p.  m 

66 

58 

98.2 
96.9 

22.0 
21.8 

18.4 

12,    7.00  a.  m 

66.48 

70.37 

17.6 

Table  49. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heats  of  combustion  of  foods — Metabolism  experi- 
ment No.  S. 


1^ 

Food  material. 

Weight 
per  day. 

Water. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Car- 
bohy- 
drates. 

Kitro- 
gen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heats  of 

com- 
bustion 
(deter- 
mined). 

2821 
2819 
2827 

Beef,  fried 

Eggs 

Butter 

Orams. 

150 

95 

35 

850 

325 

40 

125 

200 

Orams. 

89.7 

70.6 

3.5 

722.5 

120.6 

Orams. 
47.4 
11.8 
.5 
28.9 
32.2 

Orams. 
10.6 
10.3 
29.8 
43.3 
.3 

Orams. 

49.3 
166.4 
40.0 
23.7 
28.4 

Orams. 

7.59 
1.88 
.09 
4.67 
5.13 

1.31 
.08 

Orams. 
32.43 
14.51 
22.28 
67.06 
89.86 
16.84 
14.90 
12.80 

Orams. 
4.67 
2.18 
3.54 
9.77 
13.00 
2.59 
2.12 
1.34 

Calories. 
362 
170 
272 

2826 

Milk 

767 

2815 

Bread,  rye 

893 
159 

2817 
2823 

Beans,  baked 

89.9 
169.6 

8.2 
.4 

.4 
1.0 

151 
123 

TwtaJ 

1,  266.  4 

129.4 

95.7 

307.8 

20.75 

270. 68 

39.21 

2,897 

Table  50. — Weight,  composition,  and  heats  of  combustion  of  fresh  feces — Metabolism 

experiment  No.  8. 


go 

Heats  of 

Weight. 

Wat«r. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Car- 
bohy- 
drates. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

com- 
bustion 
(deter- 
mined). 

Orwms. 

Orams. 

Orams, 

Oram,t. 

Orajnt. 

Orams. 

Orami. 

Orams. 

Calories. 

2826 

ToUl  for 4  days.. 

284 

198.0 

31.5 

16.8        21.0 

5.03 

42.32 

5.79 

467 

Avg.  for  1  day... 

71 

49.5 

7.9 

4.  2          5.  5 

1.26 

10.58 

1.45 

117 

1 


79 

Table  51. — Amounts  and  composition  of  urine — Metabolism  experiment  No.  8. 


Bate. 

Period. 

Amount. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

1897. 
Nov.      8-9 

Oram,8. 
808.2 
841.6 

1, 348. 6 
209.2 

1.012 
1.012 
1.006 
1.019 

Per  cent. 

0.69 
.68 
.49 

1.44 

Grams. 
5.58 
5.72 
6.61 
3.01 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 

Ip.  m.to7p.m ■ 

Total 

3, 207.  6 
3,  207. 6 

20.92 
20.85 

14.92 

Total  by  composite. . 

.65 

9-10 

466.6 

362.0 

1,256.3 

182.8 

1.016 
1.024 
1.006 
1.020 

.87 
1.32 

.57 
1.56 

4.06 
4.78 
7.16 
2.85 

Total 

2, 267. 7 
2,  267. 7 

18.85 
18.37 

13.44 

Total  by  composite. . 

.81 

10-11 

292.6 

434.1 

1, 036. 4 

195.0 

1.021 
1.023 
1.008 
1.019 

1.24 

1.28 

.65 

1.58 

3.62 
5.56 
6.74 
3.08 

Total 

1,  958. 1 
1,  958. 1 

19.00 
18.95 

13.55 

Total  by  composite. . 

.97 

11-12 

391.9 
392.4 
853.6 
201.2 

1.015 

1.022 
1.008 
1.018 

1.09 

1.36 

.74 

1.66 

4.27 
5.33 
6.31 
3.34 

Total      

1,  839. 1 
1,  839. 1 

19.25 
19.44 

13.73 

Total  by  composite. . 
Total  4  days,  by 

1.06 

9,272.5 
9, 272. 5 

78.02 
77.90 

Composite  4  days 

.84 

0.60 

55.64 

12-13 

202.2 
357.0 
394.3 
321.6 

1.025 
1.025 
1.022 
1.022 

1.68 
1.22 
1.25 
1.22 

3.40 
4.35 
4.93 
3.92 

Total 

1, 275. 1 

1.30 

16.60 

11.85 

13 

396.5 

1.09 

4.32 

80 


TABt,E  51. — .Imouiils  atid  composition  of  urine — Metaholism  experiment  Xo.  S — Cont'd, 


Date. 

Period. 

Hejits  of  combustion. 

Per  gram. 

Total. 

K 

1897. 
BV.       8-9 

&-10 

10-11 

11-12 

12-13 

13 

Per  Cfnt. 

Grams. 

Per  cent. 

Oramt. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Total 

4.22 

3, 120. 1 

0.049 

157 

Total 

3.81 

2, 188. 8 

.067 

152 

Total 

3.84 

1,  878.  6 

.072 

141 

Total 

3.89 

1, 758. 6 

.087 

160 

Total  4  days,   by 

GIO 

Composite  4  days 

0.17 

15.76 

96.48 

8, 946. 1 

.071 

658 

Total 

2.14 

1,  237. 3 

.127 

162 

( 

• 

81 

Table  52. — Comparison  of  residual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber 
at  the  beijinnin;/  and  end  of  each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism 
experiment  Xo.  8. 


End  of  period. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Water. 

Date. 

n 
o 

It 

^£ 

+  0, 

.ill 

e8  O  ^t 

^2 

o  — « 
H 

-S'3 
o 

1     " 

Oh  o 

1 

a 

o 

.& 
ft 

1897. 
Kov       8  9 

Grams. 
34.6 
49.9 
47.1 
32.5 
32.7 

Grams. 

Oramg. 
71.8 
55.6 
50.3 
58.7 
64.2 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

+15.3 
—  2.8 
—14.0 
+     .2 

—16.2 
—  5.3 
+  8.4 

+  5.5 

+35 
+  68 

—  3 

—  3 

38.6 
17.5 
17.5 

+  18.8 

+101. 3 

+  22.9 

+  20.0 

Total      . .            

—  1.9 

—  7.6 

+97 

73.6 

+  163.0 

9-10 

53.2 
58.2 
30.0 
29.8 

+20.5 
+  5.0 
-28.  2 
—    .2 

53.4 
53.6 
53.1 

—10.8 
+     .2 
—    .5 

+     1.6 

+16 
+36 
—23 
—24 

28.2 
28.1 

+     5.2 

+  36.2 

+     4.7 

10-11 
11-12 

+     5.4 

Total 

—  2. 9    

-  9.8 

+  5 

56.3 

+  51.5 

49.7 
68.6 
27.9 
27.6 

+  19.9 
+  18.9 
—40.7 
—     .3 

49.6 
58.6 
55.1 
4R  0 

—  4.8 
+  9.0 

—  3.5 

—  6.2 

+  1 
+  6 
—11 
-11 

32.3 
29.2 
29.2 

—    3.8 

+  47.3 

+  14.7 

+  12.0 

Total 

—  2.2 

—  5.5 

—  4.0 
+  8.0 
+  2.9 

—  5.6 

—15 

+  6 
+20 
—22 
—22 

90.7 

+  70.2 

38.9 
61.3 
31.0 
29.1 

+  11.3 
+22.4 
—30.3 
—  1.9 

44.9 
52.9 
55.8 
50.2 

16.4 
16.5 
16.5 
16.5 

+  18.4 

+  44.5 

la.  m 

—    2.6 

7p.  m 

—  11.1 

Total 

+  1.5 

+  1.3 

—18 

65.9 

+  48.2 

—  5.5 

—21.6 

+69 

286.5 

+332.9 

12388— Ko.  69—02- 


82 


Tabus  53. — Jiecord  of  carbon  dioxid  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiment 

No.  8. 


Period. 

(a) 

he 

a 

a 
o  o 

a '3 

a 
"o 

> 

Carbon  dioxid  per  liter. 

(e) 

.Sx 

c 

(/) 

a   . 
g  «i 

g.s 

■S3 
0^ 

(9) 

'A 

g.p.= 
0 

(h) 

Date. 

(6) 

'5 
to 
a 

a 

o 
o 

.2 

a 

M 

(c) 

■3 
a 

1 

s 
0 

a 

id) 

.ar 

a  ^ 

«  a   . 

0  (OV 

1897. 
Nov.      8-9 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m 

7  p.m. to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Liters. 
23,  923 
23,  736 
26, 939 

25,  307 

Mg. 

0.706 
.655 
.603 
.501 

Mgg. 
9.602 
11.574 
9.356 
5.656 

Mgs. 
8.896 
10. 919 
8.753 
5.155 

Orams. 

212.8 
259.2 
235.8 
130.5 

Orams. 

+  15.3 
-  2.8 
—14.6 
+     .2 

Oram.s. 
228.1 
256.4 
221.2 
130.7 

Orams. 
62.2 
G9.9 
60.3 
35.7 

99,  905 

24,  219 
24,  281 
27,  724 
27, 413 

838.3 

—  1.9 

836.4 

225.0 
232.5 
145.0 

228.1 

7a.m.tol  p.  m 

lp.m.to7p.m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

.584 
.594 
.607 
.607 

9-10 

9.140 
9.653 
10.010 
5.905 

8.556 
9.059 
9.403 
5.298 

207.2 
220.0 
260.7 
145.2 

+20.5 
+  5.0 
-28.2 
—    .2 

62.1 
61.4 
63.4 
39.5 

103,  637 

833. 11         2.  9  1     830  2 

220.4 

10-11 

7a.m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m 

1  a. m.  to  7  a.m 

Total 

24,  537 
24,  094 
27,  382 
27, 149 

^564^ 
.564 
.570 
.633 

~876%" 
9.492 
10.  518 
5.643 

8.132 
8.928 
9.948 
5.010 

199.  5 
215.  0 
272.4 
136.0 

+  19.9 
+18.9 
—40.7 
—    .3 



233.9 
231.7 
135.7 

5978 
63.8 
63.2 
37.0 

103, 162 

822.  9  1        2.  2 

820.  7 

223.8 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.m.to7  p.m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

11-12 

26,  248 
23, 659 
26,341 
26, 784 

.650 
.501 
.563 
.683 

8.606 
9.302 
9.892 
6.056 

7.956 
8.741 
9.329 
5.373 

208.8 
206.8 
245.7 
143.9 

+  11.3 
+22.4 
—30.3 
—  1.9 

220.1 
229.2 
215.4 
142.0 

60.0 
62.5 
58.8 
38.7 

103,  032 

805.2 
3, 299.  5 

+  1.5 
—  5.5 

806.7 
3,  294. 0 

220.0 

Totalfor4daj'8. 

409, 736 

898.3 

83 

Table  54. — Record  of  water  in  ventilating  air  current — Metaholitm  experiment  No.  8. 


Date. 


1897. 
Nov.       8-9 


9-10 


10-11 


11-12 


Period. 


(a) 


S  =* 
S  bo 


Water  per  liter. 


(6) 


7  a.m.  to  1  p. m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a. m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p. m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a. m 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.m.  to  7p.m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Totalfor4day8 


Liters. 
23,  923 
23, 736 
26, 939 
25, 307 


Mg. 

0.973 
.960 
.865 
.699 


99,  905 


24,  219 
24,  281 
27, 724 
27,  413 


.778 
.712 


103,  637 

24,  537 
24, 094 
27,  382 
27, 149 

103, 162 

26,  248 
23,  659 
26,  341 
26,  784 


.795 
.766 
.675 
.632 


.749 
.872 
.799 
.714 


103,  032 


409,  736 


(c) 


Mgt. 
1.254 
1.186 
1.122 
.972 


1.256 

1.038 

1.081 

.932 


1.004 
.926 
.941 
.866 


1.014 

1.098 

1.076 

.906 


id) 


a  — 


ilg. 

0.281 
.226 
.257 
.273 


.358 
.152 
.303 
.220 


(«) 


Chrams. 
6.7 
5.4 
6.9 
6.9 


(/) 


(?) 


Oramt. 
215.0 
197.5 
280.1 
254.8 


Oramt. 

18.8 

101.3 

22.9 

20.0 


25.9       947.4       163.0 


ih) 


-s 

n 


Chrams. 
240.5 
304.2 
309.9 
281.7 


.209 
.160 
.266 
.234 


.285 
.226 
.277 
.192 


8.7 
3.7 
8.4 
6.0 


26. 


5.1 
3.8 
7.3 
6.4 


7.0 
5.3 
7.3 
5.1 


100.0 


214.2 
214.5 
283.0 
273.0 


984.7 


208.  8 
212.2 
284.6 
252.7 


958.3 

229^ 
216.2 
270.6 
263.1 


979.4 
3, 869.  8 


5.2 
36.2 

4.7 
5.4 


51.5 


-3.8 
47.3 
14.7 
12.0 


18.4 

44.5 

—  2.6 

-11.1 


49.2 
333.9 


1,136.3 

228.1 
254.4 
296.1 
284.4 


1,  063. 0 


210.1 
263.3 
306.6 
271.1 


1,  051. 1 

266.0 
275.3 
257.1 


84 

Table  55. — Summari/  of  calorimetric  measurements — Metabolism  experivient  No.  8. 


Date. 


1897. 
Nov.      8-9 


9-10 


10-11 


11-12 


Period. 


7  a.  m.  to  1 
1  p.  m.  to  7 
7  p.  ni.  to  1 
1  a.m.  to  7 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1 
1  p.m.  to  7 
7  p.  m.  to  1 
1  a.  m.  to  7 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1 
1  p.  ID.  to  7 
7  p.m.  to  1 
1  a.  m.  to  7 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1 
1  p.  m.  to  7 
7  p.m.  to  1 
1  a.  m.  to  7 


p.m. 
p.  m. 
a.m. 
a.  m. 


p.  m. 
p.  m. 
a.m. 
a.  m- 


p.  m. 
p.m. 
a.m. 
a.m. 


p.  m. 
p.m. 
a.m. 
a.m. 


Total 

Total,  4  days 


(a) 


S  a) 

•*^  s 

a)  B 


Oaloriet. 
537.8 
551.2 
487.8 
219.3 


1,  796. 1 


(6) 

a  o  MM 

'"  .=  .5  a 
MO)  e  O'^ 


MX   '-'   "^  r 


Degrees. 
6. 63-11. 78 
7. 03-12.  68 
7.  29-14.  53 
12. 69-17. 05 


516.6 
528.9 
457.0 
239.5 


509.2 
481.9 
503.9 
246.6 


1,741.6 

444.7 
527.8 
457.9 
251.5 


1,  681.  9 


6,961.6 


7.  00-12.  59 
5. 71-12.  43 
9.99-14.93 
13. 09-17. 18 


5.  67-12.  08 
7.  52-13.  68 
7.68-14.25 
12. 02-16.  42 


7.73-14.19 
6. 91-14. 14 
7. 92-14.  68 
12.37-16.98 


(c) 


1^^ 


1.  0033 
1.  0031 
1. 0026 
1.0011 


id) 


-OX 

So 

a  ° 

1iB 


Calories. 
539.6 
552.9 
489.1 
219.5 


I.  0031 
1.  0033 
1.  0019 
1.  0010 


I.  0035 
1.  0027 
1.0025 
1.0013 


1.  0025 
1. 0028 
1.  0024 
1.  0011 


1,801.1 


518.2 
530.6 
457.9 
239.7 


1,  746. 4 


511.0 
483.  2 
505.2 
246.9 


445.8 
529.3 
459.0 
251.8 


1,  685.  9 


6, 979. 7 


§)£| 

B   3  (S 


85 

Table  55. — Summarg  of  calorimetric  measurements — Metabolism  experiment  No.  8- 

Continued. 


Date. 


1897. 
Nov.      8-9 


Period. 


10-11 


7  a.m.  to  1p.m. 
1  p.m.  to  7p.m. 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.m. 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 


Total , 


7  a.m.  to  1  p.m. 
1  p.m.  to  7  p.m. 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m. 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 


Total 


7  a.m.  to  1p.m. 
1p.m.  to  7p.m. 
7  p.m. to  1  a.m. 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 

Total 


7  a.  m.  to  1p.m. 
1  p.m.  to  7  p.m. 
7  p.m.  to  1a.m. 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 


Total 

Total,  4  days. 


(/) 


.fe'S 


Calories. 
+12.0 


—33.0 
-1-21.0 


+  6.0 

—  6.0 
+     .6 

—  6.0 


5.4 


(3) 


Calories 

—  14.3 

—  28.1 


42.4 


'a  5  a 


h  a!  ee 


Grains. 
205.5 
197.6 
295.4 
267.2 


965.7 


49.9 


+24.0 
—28.8 
+  6.0 


+  1.2 


20.4 
12.9 


212.1 
218.4 
290.9 
280.3 


1,001.7 


209.1 
225.0 
288.4 
252.9 


+  3.0 
—  3.0 


19.7 
24.6 


+  3.0 


+  3.0 


44.3 


975.4 


232.5 
229.5 
280.8 
262.6 


1, 005. 4 


—  1.2 


3,  948. 2 


(i) 


ID   > 

3=" 


w; 


Calories. 
121.7 
117.0 
174.9 
158.1 


(t) 


a  . 
SI 

■*'^ 

2  + 


Calorie*. 
659.0 
641.8 
631.0 
398.6 


571.  7         2,  330. 4 


125.6 
129.3 

172.2 
165.9 


593.0 


123.8 
133.2 
170.7 
149.7 


577.4 


137.6 
135.9 
166.2 
155.5 


595.2 


2, 337. 3 


636.2 
617.6 
630.7 
399.6 


2,  284, 1 


614.4 
627.5 
647.1 
402.6 


2,291.6 


566.7 
637.6 
625.2 
410.3 


2,  239. 8 


9, 145.  9 


Table  56. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiment  No.  8. 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

(a) 

(b) 

(c) 

id) 

(e) 

(/) 

(7) 

(h) 

(*) 

Dat«. 

Period. 

i 

1 

6 

p 

7.+ 

+T 

a 

13 
S 

5 

a 

o 

ll 

A 

o 
u 

1  + 
II 
.si 

a 

M 

a 

M 

£ 

O 

a 

M 

a 
1—1 

s 

M 

o 

1897. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

Oram.s. 

Qram,s. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

Nov.  8-  9 

7  a.  m.  to  7  am. 

20.8 

1.3 

20.9 

—1.4 

270.7 

10.5 

14.9 

228.1 

+17.2 

9-10 

do 

20.7 

1.2 

18.9 

+  .6 

270.7 

10.6 

13.4 

226.4 

+20.3 

10-11 

do 

20.8 

1.3 

19.0 

+  .5 

270.7 

10.6 

13.6 

223.8 

+22.7 

11-12 

do 

Total,  4  days . . 

20.7 

1.2 

19.2 

+  .3 

270.7 

10.6 

13.7 

220. 0 

+26.4 

8.3.0 

5.0 

78.0 

.0 

1082. 8 

42.3 

55.6 

898.3 

+  86.6 

Average,  1  day 

20.8 

1.3 

19.5 

.0 

270.7 

10.6 

13.9 

224.5 

+  21.7 

86 

The  record  of  the  water  consumed  each  day  during  this  experiment 
is  shown  in  the  following  table.  The  water  supplied  in  the  coffee  infu- 
sion was  900  grams  per  day,  but  on  some  days  it  was  not  completely 
drunk,  as  the  figures  show. 

Record  of  drinking  water  and  coffee — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  8. 


Date. 

Coflfee 
infusion. 

Drinking 
water. 

Total 
drink. 

Nov.  8 

Chram.*. 

882.4 
876.1 
900.1 
898.0 

Oram». 
596.4 
600.0 
599.2 
600.1 

Orams. 

1  478  8 

0 

1  470  1 

10..." 

1  499.3 

11 

1  498. 1 

Total 

3, 556.  6 

2,  395.  7 

5, 952.  3 

Table  57. — Income  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiment  No.  8. 


Teriod. 

Water. 

Date. 

(a) 

1 

a 

H 

a 
•c 

H 

(0 

00 
<B 

1 

M 

(d) 

(S 

a 
a 

M 

a 

M 

(/) 

0  + 

IT 
5"+ 

1897. 
Nov.    8-  0 

Grams. 

1,266.4 
1,  266.  4 
1,  266. 4 
1,  266.  4 

Gram,s. 
1,478.8 
1,  476. 1 
1, 499.  3 
1,  498. 1 

Grams. 
49.5 
49.5 
49.5 
49.5 

Grams. 
3, 120. 1 
2, 188.  8 
1,878.6 
1,  758.  6 

Gram,s. 
1,136.3 
1,053.0 
1,061.1 
1,053.3 

Grams. 
—1, 560. 7 

9-10 
10-11 

do 

do 

—  548.8 

—  223. 5 

11-12 

do 

—      96.9 

Total,  4  days 

Average,  1  day 

• 

5, 065.  6 
1,266.4 

5,  952. 3 
1, 488. 1 

198.0 
49.5 

8, 946. 1 
2, 236.  5 

4,  303.  7 
1,  075. 9 

-2,  429. 9 
—    607.5 

Hydrogen. 

(g) 

(h) 

K) 

(I) 

(m) 

(n) 

Date. 

Period. 

a 
'I. 

^   . 

flS" 
g.]. 

m 

m 

<2 

§ 
a 

6 

1 

3 

a 

M 

4^  + 

'3  + 

r 

18B7. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Oramt. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

KoT.    8-  9 

39.2 
39.2 

1.6 
1.4 

4.2 
3.8 

+  33.5 
t-  34.0 

-173.4 
—  61.0 

—139.  9 

9-10 

do 

—  27.0 

10-11 

do 

39.2 

1.5 

3.9 

+  33.8 

—  24.8 

+    9.0 

11-12 

do 

39.2 

1.4 

3.9 

+  33.9 

—  10.8 

+  23.1 

Total,  4  days 

156.8 

5.8 

15.8 

+  136.2 

—270.0 

-134. 8 

Average.  I  day 

30.3 

1.5 

4.0 

+  33.8 

—  67.5 

—  33.7 

87 

Table  58. — Gain  or  loss  of  protein  (JV  X  6.35),  fat,  and  water — Metabolism  experiment 

No.  S. 


Date. 

Period. 

(o) 

.eJ, 

^§ 

(&) 

11 

.2  =» 

(0 

%o 

o  -t— • 

i+T 

i.2     X 
O 

(e) 

.2  .IT 
-2-21: 

§  s  o 

+T 

•1=1 

1897. 
Nov.     8-  9 

Qrams. 
—1.4 
+  .6 

+  .5 

+  -a 

Grann. 

—8.7 

Grams. 

4-17.2 

Grams. 
—4.6 
+2.0 
+1.6 
+1.0 

Grams. 
+21.8 
+  18.3 
+21.1 
+25.4 

Grams. 
+  28.6 
+  24.1 
+  27.7 
+  33.4 

9-10 

do 

+  3.8         +20.3 
+  3.1         +22.7 
+  1.8         +26.4 

10  11 

do 

11  12 

do 

Total,  4  days 

Average,  1  day 

0 
0 

0         +86.6 
0         +21.7 

0 
0 

+86.6 
+21.7 

+113. 8 
+  28.5 

Date. 


Period. 


1897. 

Nov.  g-  9 

9-10 

10-11 

11-12 


7  a.  m.  to  7  a.m. 

do 

do 

do 


Total,  4  days  . . . 
Average,  1  day. 


(9) 


Grams. 
—139. 9 
—  27.0 
+     9.0 
+  23.1 


-134.  8 
-  33.7 


(A) 


|±i 

H  2  * 


a 


Grams. 
—0.6 
+  .3 
+  .2 

+  .1 


(i) 


W 


Grams. 
+  3.4 
+  2.8 
+  3.3 
+  3.9 


+  13.4 
+  3.4 


(k) 


"S  =*  cs  t,   I 

>'^  Mo  Si 


G^awis. 
—142.7 
—  30.1 
+    5.5 
+  19.1 


(l) 


Gram*. 
—1,  284. 3 
—    270.9 
+       49.5 
+     171.9 


—148.  2  I      —1, 333.  8 
—  37. 1         —    333. 5 


Table  59. — Income  and  outgo  of  energy — Metabolism  experiment  No.  8. 


(a) 

(6) 

(c) 

(d) 

ie) 

(/) 

(9) 

(h) 

(0 

i 
i 

a 

S  + 

3   H 

±1 

c  a 

Date. 

Period. 

o 

§ 
•-3   . 

o 

o 
.2 

C'~' 

•"  2 
°.2 
.«  S 

12.2^ 

■6 

Si 

1^ 

3 
1 

m 

3 

s 

o 

73  p-^ 

•^1 

0-3  + 

a 

It 

25 

'o 

til 

o 

o 
e3 

1.1 « 

HI 

ffl  t-  a 

3  5-^ 

w 

a 

W 

i^ 

w 

« 

W 

w 

w 

1897. 

Calo- 

Galo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calories. 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Per c«. 

ries. 

rtes. 

ries. 

ries. 

rie*. 

ries. 

ries. 

Nov.    8-  9 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

2,897 

116 

157 

-49 

+    273 

2,400 

2,330 

-  70 

—2.9 

9-10 

do 

2,897 

117 

152 

+21 
+18 
+10 

+     229 
+     265 
+     319 

2,  378 
2,356 
2,291 

2,284 
2,  292 

94 

4.0 

10  11 

do 

2,897 
2,897 

117 

141 

64 

2.7 

1-12 

do 

117 

160 

2,240 

—  51 

—2.2 

Total,  4  days 

11,  588 

467 

610 

0 

+  1,086 

9,425 

9,146 

—279 

Average,  1  day  . 

2,897 

117 

153 

0 

+     271 

2,356 

2,286 

—  70 

—3.0 

88 

The  average  daily  income  of  ener,c:y  in  tliis  experiment — i.  e.,  the  esti- 
mated heat  of  combustion  of  material  actually  oxidized  in  the  body, 
averaged  2,356  calories  per  day,  and  the  outgo — i.  e.,  the  heat  given  off 
from  tlie  body  and  measured,  amounted  to  2,286  calories.  The  meas- 
ured outgo  was  thus  97.0  per  cent  of  the  theoretical  income.  This  dis- 
crepancy of  3.0  per  cent  is  larger  than  we  are  able  to  explain.  We 
have  been  at  pains  to  repeat  a  large  number  of  the  analyses  of  the  food 
materials  and  excreta,  although  they  had  been  previously  made  in 
duplicate  or  triplicate.  Similar  repetitions  were  made  of  a  considerable 
number  of  the  analyses  of  experiments  ISTos.  5,  6,  and  7,  but  although 
the  work  was  done  with  the  greatest  care  the  results  failed  to  give  data 
which  would  show  any  closer  agreement  of  income  and  outgo  of  energy 
than  the  figures  here  given.  The  most  plausible  explanation,  it  has 
seemed  to  us,  might  be  found  in  the  faulty  sampling  of  food  materials, 
an  assumption  which  is  favored  by  the  much  more  satisfactory  results 
obtained  in  the  succeeding  experiments  in  which  different  methods  of 
preparation  and  sampling  of  food  were  adopted.  These  new  methods 
are  described  under  the  details  of  experiment  No.  9. 

DETAILS   OF   METABOLISM  EXPERIMENT   NO.  9. 

Some  of  the  details  of  this  experiment  have  already  been  given  in  the 
previous  publication  above  referred  to  and  will  not  be  repeated  in 
this  place.  The  subject  entered  the  chamber  on  the  evening  of  Jan- 
uary 9, 1898,  and  the  experiment  proper  began  at  7  a.  m.  the  following 
morning.  During  the  interval  between  this  and  experiment  No.  8,  the 
method  of  preparation  and  sampling  of  food  materials  was  so  changed 
as  to  enable  us  to  obtain,  we  believe,  more  accurate  samples  than  had 
hitherto  been  i)Ossible.  The  method  of  sampling  was  that  already 
described,  in  which  the  food  materials  were  i^ut  up  in  jars  before  the 
beginning  of  tlie  experiment  (see  page  19).  The  experiment  was  a  rest 
experiment,  and  very  nearly  a  repetition  of  experiment  No.  8,  but  with 
a  slight  reduction  of  the  amounts  of  protein  and  energy.  No  alcohol 
was  included  in  the  diet. 

,  PREPARATION    OF   THE   FOOD. 

The  beef  was  round  steak,  nearly  freed  from  fat.  It  was  passed 
through  a  meat  chopper,  by  which  it  was  cut  in  very  small  pieces  and 
well  mixe<l.  Tliis  finely  chopped  meat  was  fried  in  a  shallow,  flat-bot- 
tomed pan  over  a  gas  ilame  until  the  whole  was  tolerably  "well  done," 
and  had  lost  the  distinctly  reddish  color.  The  juice  which  escaped  in 
the  cooking  was  discarded.  The  cooked  meat  was  then  thoroughly 
mixed,  and  ])ortions  api)ropriate  for  individual  meals  were  weighed  off", 
put  in  small  glass  jars,  sterilized,  and  set  aside  in  a  cold  place.  The 
contents  of  two  or  more  of  the  jars  were  used  for  analysis,  as  described 
on  i)ag(;  19.  The  others  were  used  for  the  experiment.  The  meat  kept 
well,  the  flavor  was  acceptable,  and  on  the  whole  the  method  of  prepa- 
ration and  sampling  sfjemed  satisfactory. 

The  bread  was  purchased  at  a  local  bakery.     From  an  appropriate 


89 


number  of  loaves,  weighing  about  1^  pounds  each,  the  crust  was 
trimmed  ofi"  and  discarded.  The  object  in  removing  the  crust  was  to 
avoid  error  due  to  the  introduction  of  varying  proportion  of  this  drier 
protein  into  the  different  jars.  The  crumb  was  cut  into  i^ieces  small 
enough  to  pass  easily  into  glass  jars,  and  well  mixed.  Portions  of 
appropriate  weight  were  put  in  glass  jars,  sealed,  sterilized,  and  set 
aside  in  a  cold  place.  The  total  quantity  for  a  day's  ration  was  put  some- 
times in  one  jar  and  sometimes  in  two.  The  contents  of  two  or  more 
jars  were  used  for  analysis.     The  bread  kept  well  and  was  palatable. 

Butter  iu  sufficient  amounts  for  the  whole  experiment,  including  sam- 
ples for  analysis,  was  purchased  from  a  local  creamery,  and  was  put  up 
in  small  glass  pomade  jars  in  such  quantities  that  one  jar  furnished 
sufficient  butter  for  one  day.  The  specimens  thus  prepared  were  kept 
in  a  cool  i^lace.  Separator  milk  was  used  in  this  experiment  owing  to 
the  greater  uniformity  in  the  content  of  fat  as  compared  with  whole 
milk,  this  varying  but  little  from  O.l  per  cent.  It  was  purchased  fresh 
each  day,  and  a  composite  sample  made  up  of  aliquot  portions  of  the 
milk  of  each  day  was  taken  for  analysis.  The  maize  and  wheat  break- 
fast foods  were  purchased  in  quantity  sufficient  for  several  experiments 
and  well  mixed.  The  amounts  required  for  each  meal  were  placed  in 
glass  jars  and  set  aside  until  needed.  One  analysis  of  the  maize  and 
one  of  the  wheat  product  thus  served  for  several  experiments. 

Ginger  snaps  were  purchased  in  sufficient  quantity  for  one  experi- 
ment and  in  amounts  appropriate  for  individual  meals  and  were  put  in 
glass  jars  as  was  done  with  other  food  materials.  "  Granulated"  sugar 
was  purchased  in  quantity  sufficient  for  several  experiments  and  kept 
in  a  closed  vessel.  Amounts  for  a  day  were  placed  in  glass  bottles,  and 
the  subject  used  as  nearly  as  he  could  judge  the  amounts  indicated  in 
the  menu  for  each  meal.  The  coffee  infusion  was  prepared  as  explained 
in  the  description  of  experiment  Ko.  5. 

The  menu,  daily  programme,  and  summary  of  the  subject's  observa- 
tions in  the  calorimeter  are  given  in  the  following  tables  : 

Table  60. — Daily  menu — Metabolism  experiment  No.  9. 


Menu. 

Grams. 

Menu. 

Grams. 

BREAKFAST. 

Beef,  fried 

100 
15 

160 
25 
50 
25 

300 

150 
20 

210 
50 

DINNER— continued . 
Wheat  breakfast  food 

50 

Butter 

Sugar 

25 

Skim  milk '. 

Cofifee 

300 

SUPPER. 

15 

Skim  milk 

390 

Bread...     .                               

25 

DINNER. 

75 

Beef,  fried 

60 

30 

Coffee 

300 

90 


Table  61. — Daily  prof/ramme — Metabolism  expmwient  No.  9. 


7.00  a.  m. 

Rise,  pass  urine,  weigh  self  stripped, 

6.30  p.  m. 

Supper. 

collect  drip,  weigh  absorbers. 

7.00  p.m. 

Pass  urine,  collect  drip,  weigh   ab- 

7.45 a.  m. 

Breakfast. 

sorbers. 

10.30  a.  m. 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

10.00  p.m. 

Drink  200  grams  water,  weigh  self 

1.00  p.  m. 

Pass  urine,  collect  drip,  weigh  ab- 

stripped, take  cap  off  food  aperture, 

sorbers. 

retire. 

1.30  p.m. 

Dinner. 

1.00  a.m. 

Pass  urine. 

3.30  p.m. 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

Table  62. — Summary  of  the  diary — Metabolism  experiment  No.  9. 


Weight  of  subject. 

Pulse 
rate  per 
minute. 

Temper- 
ature. 

Hygrometer. 

Time. 

Without 
clothes. 

With 
clothes. 

Dry 
bulb. 

Wet 
bulb. 

Jan  10 

1898. 

Kilograms. 
68.42 

Kilograms. 

•F. 

21.7 

°0. 
17.0 

10 

72.83 

73 

98.4 

10 

1  25  p  m              .          .            

21.6 
2L5 

17.4 

10 

4.25  p.  m    

17.4 

10 

5.00  p  m                                

69 

98.3 

10 

7.00  p.  m 



21.6 

17.2 

10 

10  00  pm 

'69.20 

10 

10.15  p.  m 

59 

98.0 

21.5 

17.4 

11 

7  00  a  m 

68.26 

11 

7.30  a.  m 

58 

96.1 

2L4 
21.5 
2L5 
2L4 
21.4 
22.1 

16.8 

11 

10.30  a.  m    

16.9 

11 

1.00  p.  m 

16.8 

11 

4.20  p.  m 

16.8 

11 

7.20  p.  m    

10.  8 

11 

10.00  p.  m 

68.53 
67.81 

72 

97.9 

17.7 

12 

7  00  a  m    . 

12 

7.30  a.  m      

62 

96.4 

2L4 
31.4 
21.8 
21.5 
21.5 
21.7 

16.2 

12 

11 .00  a.  m 

16.4 

12 

l.OOp.m 

67 

97.9 

16.7 

12 

16.4 

12 

6.00  p.  m 

16.4 

12 

10.00  p.  m 

68.65 
68.00 

65 

98.1 

16.8 

13 

7.00  a.m 

13 

7.30  a.m 

62 

97.4 

21.3 
21.5 
21.7 
21.4 
21.6 
21.5 
21.7 

16.4 

13 

10.35  a.  m 

16.6 

13 

1 .00  p.  m 

70 

97.9 

16.4 

13 

4.00  p.  m 

16.4 

13 

1 

16.8 

13 

10.00  p.  m 

68.72 
67.20 

72 

98.4 

16.7 

14 

7.00  a.  m 

16.6 

'  It  seems  quite  probable  that  this  subject  recorded  bis  weight  erroneously  at  this  time. 


91 

The  weights  and  composition  of  the  daily  food  are  given  in  Table  63, 
and  those  for  the  feces  and  urine  in  Tables  64  and  65. 

Table  63. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heats  of  combustion  of  foods — Metabolism  experi- 
ment No.  9. 


2835 
2836 
2833 
2834 
2830 

2829 
2832 
2831 


Food  inaterial. 


Beef,  fried 

Skim  milk 

Butter 

Bread 

WTieat  break- 
fast food 

Ginger  snaps  . . . 

Sugar 

Maize  breakfast 
food 

Total 


^ 


Grams. 
250 

758 
50 
100 

125 
60 
80 

50 


I 
Grams. '  Grams. 


168.3 

687.5 

5.1 

44.7 

9.4 
3.2 


1,473 


2.8 


64.0 
25.0 


12.4 
3.6 


921.0  I     119.6 


Grams. 
13.5 


2.0 
5.7 


Grams. 


39.4 

44.3 

97.1 
45.4 
80.0 


341.8 


Grams. 

10.25 

3.94 

.10 

1.34 

1.98 
.58 


Grains. 
40.88 
30.62 
31.34 
24.53 

51.  C5 
26.67 
33.68 

22.17 


19.08 


w 


Grams. 
5.63 
4.32 
5.13 
3.54 

7.22 
3.89 
5.18 

3.22 


261.  54  I     38. 13 


CO    . 

O  o  9 

w 


Calories. 
482 
298 
388 

240 

509 
261 
317 

222 


2,717 


Table  64. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heats   of  combustion  of  fresh  feces- 

experiment  Ko.  9. 


■Metabolism 


6 

s » 

•A 

H^ 

13 

u 

o 
.a 

1 

a" 
'3 

1 

la 

1 

58 

i 

1 

§ 
.a 
u 
a 
O 

W) 

2 

-a 

o  o  n 
ill 

Pd 

Grams. 

Grams. 

1 
Grams.l  Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Calories. 

2838 

Total,  4  days 

424.0 

309.1 

31.4 

16.5 

48.4 

5.04 

53.42 

7.38 

569 

Average,  1  day.. 

106.0 

77.3 

7  9 

4.1 

12.1 

1.26 

13.36 

1.85 

142 

92 


Table  65. — Amounts  and  composition  of  urine — Metabolism  experiment  No.  9. 


Date. 

Period. 

Amount. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon.' 

1898. 
Jan.    10-11 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.m. to  7  p. m 

Oramt. 
341.1 

686.5 
661.8 
105.  9 

1.021 
1.015 
1.013 
1.024 

Per  cent. 

1.26 
.85 
.86 

1.76 

Grains. 
4.30 
5.84 
5.69 
2.92 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

1,  855.  3 
1, 855.  3 

(1.01) 
1.03 

18.75 
19.11 

12  79 

Total  by  composite. . . 
7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

- 

11-12 

379.5 
676.8 
774.8 
146.5 

1.019 
1.015 
1.012 
1.025 

1.15 
.88 
.76 

1.74 

4.36 
5.96 
5.89 
2.55 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

1, 977. 6 
1,  977. 6 

(.95) 
.96 

18.76 
18.98 

12  80 

Total  by  composite. . . 
7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

12-13 

371.9 
337.3 
652.3 
149.1 

1.018 
1.025 
1.016 
1.024 

1.08 

1.53 

.99 

1.77 

4.02 
5.16 
6.46 
2.64 

■' 

Total 

Total  by  composite. . . 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.m 

1,510.6 
1,510.6 

(1.21) 
1.19 

18.28 
17.98 

12. 47 

13-14 

319.1 
272.4 
599.4 
168.0 

1.019 
1.027 
1.015 
1.022 

1.29 
1.68 
1.06 
1.69 

4.12 
4.58 
6.35 
2.84 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  ro 

Total 

1,  358.  9 
1, 358. 9 

(1.32) 
1.28 

17.89 
17.39 

12  21 

Total  by  composite. . . 
Total  for  4  days  by 

6,702.4 
6,  702. 4 

73.68 
71.72 

Composite,  4  days 

1.017 

1.07 

0.75 

50.27 

14-15 

215.7 
208.5 
340.5 
194.0 

1.028 
1.032 
1. 030 
1.028 

1.72 
1.52 
2.01 
1.16 

3.71 
3.17 
6.84 
2.25 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

Total 

958.7 

15.97 

15-16 

201.1 
262.0 
404.3 
222.9 

1.54 
1.44 
1.51 
1.63 

3.10 
3.77 
6.10 
3.83 

Total 

1,  090.  3 

]<6.60 

'The  method  of  drying  the  urine  in  thiH  experiment  was  as  explained  on  page  22.  The  urine  was 
cvaporuUid  todrynoHS  on  a  water  bntli ;  the  nitrogen  was  dcteriTiined  in  tbo  frcsli  urine  and  in  the 
dried  naidni',  tlins  giving  data  for  calculating  the  amount  decomposed  during  the  drying  and  given 
off  as  ammonium  carbonate.  The  calitulations  are  too  detailed  to  be  given  here.  It  willHuflice  to  say 
that  it  was  estimated  that  in  the  prorcsH  of  drying  0.17  gram  of  urea  was  decomposed  from  every  100 
grams  fresh  urine.  This  urea  would  contain  0.034  gram  iif  carbon.  Adding  tliis  weight  of  carbon  to 
tliat  found  in  the  flried  residue  would  make  the  i>erceutage  of  carbon  in  the  wator-free  tirine  16.89 
inst<!ad  of  16.70,  as  actually  found.  Although  tlm  <orrection  is  small,  it  is  taken  into  account  in  the 
value  used  for  the  percentage  of  carbon  in  the  fresh  urine. 


93 


Table  65. — Amounts  and  composition  of  urine — Metabolism  experiment  Ko.  9 — Cont'd. 


Date. 

Period. 

Hvdi 

Water. 

Heats  of  combustion. 

Per  gram,  j    Total. 

1898. 
J.111.   10-11 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 

Per  cent. 

Orams. 

Calories.    Calories. 

\ 

1 

1 

Total 

1 

3.41 

1,  784.  3  1                     > 

0.082  {              152 

11-12 

1 

1 

1 

j 

Total 

3.41 

1, 906.  6 

.081                160 

12-13 

1 

1 

i 

\ 

1                    1 

Total 

3.33 

1.441.5 

095                143 

13-14 

1 

1 

1 

1 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  nj.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

1 

3.26 

1  291.2 

Total  bv  composite. . . 

.102 

139 

Total  for  4  days,  by 
periods 



594 

Composite,  4  days 

0. 20           13. 41 

95.84 

6, 423. 6 

.089 

597 

94 

Table  66  shows  the  results  of  the  determinations  of  residual  carbon 
dioxid  and  water  within  the  apparatus  and  the  changes  in  weight  in 
the  absorbers  and  the  drip.  The  amount  of  drip  was  only  70  grams  for 
the  whole  experiment,  and  this  accumulated  on  the  last  day.  In  the 
calculations  of  the  tables  it  has  been  assumed  that  it  collected  uni- 
formly during  the  last  four  periods  of  the  experiment,  though  it  is 
probable  that  the  accumulation  was  less  during  the  period  of  sleep 
than  at  other  times. 

Tablk  66. — Comparison  of  residual  aviounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamier 
at  the  beginning  and  end  of  each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism 
experiment  Xo,  9. 


Bnd  of  period. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Water. 

Date. 

a 
2  '^ 

ea 

a  a 
o 

Gain  (+)  or  loss  (—) 
over   preceding 
period. 

®  a 

« 'i  . 

S  a  u 
P'  S  S 

1^.2 

Gain(  +  )orloss(— ) 
over   preceding 
period. 

Change  in  weight 
of  absorbers. 
Gain  (  +  )  or  loss 

•£ 

o 
ai 

.P 

a2 

o  » 
M 

P< 

•c 

Total      amount 
gained    (4-)     or 
lost  (— )    during 
the  period. 

1898. 
Jan.   10-U 

Oram*. 
26.9 
30.0 
44.9 
30.2 
27.7 

Grams. 

Orams. 

44.9 
31.4 
46.7 
49.8 
42.9 

Orams. 

Grams. 

Orams. 

Grams. 

+  3.1 
+14.9 

-14.7 
—  2.5 

—13.5 
+15.3 
+  3.1 
—  6.9 

+  14 
+22 

—  9 

—  9 

+  0.5 

+  37.3 

—  6.9 

-15.9 

Total 

+     -8 

—  2.0 

+18 

+  16.0 

11-12 

39.0 
44.3 
31.7 
26.5 

+  11.3 
+  5.3 
—12.0 
—  5.  2 

43.4 
45.6 
50.2 
40.5 

+     .5 
+  2.2 
+  4.6 
—  9.7 

+  3 

—  1 
—11 
—10 

+  3.5 

+  1.2 

—  6.4 

—19.7 

Total 

—  1.2 

—  2.4 

—19 

-21.4 

12-13 

45.7 
46.0 
35.4 
27.3 

+  19.2 
+     .3 
—10.6 
—  8.1 

44.3 
44.8 
55.3 
40.2 

+  3.8 
+     .5 
+  10.5 
—15.1 

+13 
+  4 

—  4 

—  4 

+  16.8 

+  4.5 

+  6.5 

—19.1 

Total 

+     .8 

—    .3 

+  9 

+  8.7 

13-14 

~~487f 
48.8 
34.8 
25.7 

+21.2 
+     .3 
—14.0 
—  9.1 

44.1 
46.4 
51.8 
40.2 

+  3.9 
+  2.3 
+  5.4 
—11.6 

+  11 
+  7 

—  5 

—  6 

+17.6 
+  17.5 
+  17.5 
+  17.5 

+32.6 

+26.8 

+  17.9 

—    .1 

Total 

—  1.6 

+  7 

+70.1 

+77.1 

-  1.2 

—  4.7 

+15 

+70.1 

+80.4 

The  tables  showing  the  experimental  data  for  carbon  dioxid  and 
water  vapor  in  the  ventilating  air  current  have  already  been  given  in 
detail  in  a  previous  publication  of  this  series,'  and  only  the  total 
amounts  for  each  day  are  here  shown. 

'  U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  OflBce  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui,  63,  p.  79. 


95 


Table  67 

— Summary  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  ventilating  air 

current 

— Metabolism 

experiment  No.  9, 

'3 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Water. 

tc 

^^ 

be 

^^ 

Date. 

Period. 

a 

P 

>  a 

(D 

s 

0 

.3 
o 

.w 
3 

O 

a 

s« 

o 

IS 
"tS 

§5 
a. 5 

o  ^ 
"3 

a  « 
II 

53 

■^^  a 

■Si 
si 

.Sfa 
•5-3 

a 
'3 

a 
o 
a   . 

"3 

i 

_a 
•« 
a 

a  t^ 

■a  IS 

ii 
11 

si 

1 

SS 

.a 

H 

a 
§ 

a 

"3 

o 

o 

"S 

?^ 

O 

o 

% 

> 

H 

j^cs 

O 

H 

^ 

o 

o 

H 

1898. 

Liters. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams.Grams. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

Grams. 

Jan.   10-11 

7  a.m. to  7  a.m... 

104, 549 

830.3 

+  0.8 

831.1 

226.7 

43.1 

898.8 

+16.0 

957.9 

11-12 

do 

105, 598 

814.6 

—1.2 

813.4 

221.8 

48.3 

864.8 

—21.4 

891.7 

12-13 
13-14 

do 

104, 144 
104,  542 

808.5 
827.6 

+  .8 
—1.6 

809.3 
826.0 

220.7 
22.=;.  3 

47.1 
48.9 

850.0 
885.5 

+  8.7 
+  77.1 

905.8 

do 

Total,  4 days... 

1, 009. 5 

418,  833 

3,281.0 

—1.2 

3,  279.  8 

894.5 

185.4 

3, 499. 1 

+80.4 

3,  764. 9 

Average,  1  day . 

104,  708 

820.0 

223.6 

941.2 

Table  68  summarizes  the  calorimetric  measurements  of  which  the 
details  are  given  in  the  previous  publication  referred  to. 

Table  68. — Summary  of  calorimetric  measurements — Metabolism  experiment  No.  9. 


Date. 

Period. 

no 
tS 

e    . 

a'S 

-^  a 
« 

got; 
®    s 

eg  o 

o 

o 
a 

'3  S 

p< 
t« 
o 

Correction  due 
to    tempera- 
ture of  food 
and  dishes. 

Water   v  apor- 
ized. 

Eq  ui  valent 
heat  of  water 
vaporized. 

i 

fa 

'3  ^ 
H 

1898. 
Jan.    10-11 
11-12 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

do 

Calories. 
1,  854.  5 
1,  766.  5 
1,  819. 4 
1, 827.  9 

Degrees. 
—0.08 
+  .12 
+  .08 
—  .06 

Calories. 
—4.8 
+7.2 
+  4.8 
-3.6 

Calorie*. 

—  59.7 

—  51.2 

—  53.0 

—  50.5 

Grams. 
939.9 
910.7 
896.8 
932.4 

Calories. 
556.4 
539.1 
530.9 
552.0 

Calories. 
2, 346.  4 
2,  261.  6 

12-13 

do 

2,  3C2. 1 
2,325.8 

13-14 

do 

Total,  4  days... 
Average,  1  day. 

7,  268.  3 
1,  817. 1 

+  .06 

+3.6 

—214. 4 

3, 679.  8 

2, 178. 4 

9, 235. 9 
2,  309. 0 

96 

In  the  following  tables,  69  to  72,  are  shown  the  income  and  outgo 
of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydrogen,  protein,  fat,  water,  and  energy  in  this 
experiment: 

Table  69. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiment  No.  9. 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon 

(a,) 

(6) 

(0) 

(rf) 

(e) 

to 

(9) 

{h) 

ik) 

Date. 

Period. 

1 

1 

6 
a 
'u 

o  «■ 

It 

i 

i 

t2 

o 

t2 

6 
c 

u 

p. 

|i 

s. 

.2-t- 

o  + 

±1 

a  *" 

a 

M 

M 

a 

M 

C5 

M 

a 

h-t 

O 

1898. 

Grams. 

Grow*. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Qram,s. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Jan.  10-11 

Ta.m.toTa.m. 

19.1 

1.2 

18.7 

-0.8 

261.5 

13.3 

12.8 

226.7 

+  8.7 

11-12 

do 

19.1 

1.3 

18.8 

—1.0 

261.6 

13.4 

12.8 

221.8 

+  13.6 

12-13 

do 

19.1 

1.2 

18.3 

—  .4 

261.5 

13.3 

12.5 

220.7 

+  15.0 

13-14 

do 

Total,  4  days.. 

19.1 

1.3 

17.9 

—  .1 

261.6 

13.4 

12.2 

225.3 

+10.7 

76.4 

5.0 

73.7 

—2.3 

1, 046. 2 

53.4 

50.3 

894.5 

+48.0 

Average,  1  day 

19.1 

1.3 

18.4 

—  .6 

261.6 

13.4 

12.6 

223.6 

+  12.0 

The  record  of  the  water  actually  consumed  each  day  is  given  in  the 
following  table: 

Record  of  drinking  toater  and  coffee — Afetaboliavi  experiment  No.  9. 


Date. 

i    Coffee 
infusion. 

Drinking 

water. 

Total 
drink. 

Jan.  10        

Grams. 
892.6 

Grams. 
600 
400 
400 
400 

Grams. 
1,492.0 

11            

889. 7 

1,289.7 

12    

899.3 

1,299.3 

13    

899.6 

1,  299. 6 

Total 

1     3..';81.2 

1,800 

5,  381. 2 

97 


Table  70. — Income  and  outgo  of  naier  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiment  Ko.  9. 


Date. 


1898. 

Jan.  10-11 

11-12 

12-13 

13-14 


Period. 


7  a.  lu.  to  7  a.  m 

do 

do 

do , 


Water. 


(a) 


Qrams. 
921.0 
921.0 
921.0 
921.0 


Total,  4  days 

Average,  1  day 


3,  684. 0 
921.0 


(6) 


Grams. 
1,  492. 6 
1,  289.  7 
1,  299. 3 
1, 299. 6 


5,  381. 2 
1,  345.  3 


ic) 


(d) 


Grams. 
77.2 
77.3 
77.3 
77.3 


309.1 
77.3 


Grams. 
1, 784. 3 
1,906.6 
1, 441. 5 
1,  291. 2 


(«) 


(/) 


Grams. 
957.9 
891.7 
905.9 

1,009.5 


Grams. 

—  405.8 

—  664.9 

—  204.4 

—  157.4 


6,423.6  I  .  3,765.0  i  —1,432.5 
1,  605. 9  941.  2     —    358. 1 


Hydrogen. 

(3) 

CO 

(t) 

(l) 

{>») 

(") 

a 

t. 

^^-, 

Date. 

Period. 

+j 

+  1 

II 

00 

i 

ID 

o 

a 

^ 

O 

o  o^ 

" 

M 

M                 ;            "3 

^A 

EH 

189S. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Gram,s.      Grams.  1 

Gram,s. 

Gram.s. 

Jaii.lU-11 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

38.1 

1.8 

3.4       +32.9 

—  45.1 

—12.2 

11-12 

do 

38.1 

1.9 

3. 4        -f  32.  8  t 

—  73.9 

-^1.1 

12-13 

do 

38.1 

1.8 

3.3       -f-  33.0 

—  22.7 

+  10.3 

13-14 

do 

Total,  4  days 

38.1 

1.9 

3.3  ^     +32.9 

—  17. 5 

+15.4 

152.  4 

7.4 

13.4 

-f-131.6 

—159.  2 

—27.6 

Average,  1  day 

38.1 

1.9 

3.4 

+  32.9 

—  39.8 

—  6.9 

Table  71. 


-Gam  or  Joss  of  protein   {XxO-.^o),  fat,  niid   natvr — Metabolism  experimeut 
Xo.  9. 


Date. 


1898. 
Jan. 10-11 
11-12 
12-13 
13-14 


Period. 


7  a.m.  to  7  a.  lu. 

do 

do 

do 


Total,  4  days  . . . 
Average,  1  day. 


(a) 


-2.3 
-  .6 


(6) 


C  o 


rams.  Grams. 

—  .8  '  —  5.0 
—1.  0  i  —  6.  2 

—  .4  —  2.5 

—  .1  —    .6 


—14.3 
—  3.6 


(c) 


Grams. 

+  8.7 
+13.6 
+  15.0 
+  10.7 


+48.0 
+  12.0 


(d) 


^.+x 


t.  ■-,  o 


(e) 


Grams. 

—2.7 
—3.3 
—1.3 
—  .3 


Grams. 
+11.4 
+  16.9 
+16.3 
+  11.0 


—7.6         +55.6 
—1.9  j       +13.9 


(/) 


Gra)ns. 
+  15.0 
+  22.2 
+  21.4 
+  14.5 


+  73.1 
+  18.3 


12388— No.  09—02- 


98 


Tahlk  71. — Cain  or  losn  of  protein  (Nx6.?5),  fat,  and  water — Metabolism  experiment 

y'o.  9 — Coutiniied. 


(g) 

(h) 

(0 

(*) 

(0 

A  fci     • 

-— » 

^_^ 

So 

£=P 

.,'5  Ooo 

s+4 

+£■ 

«*„ 

a^o 

n 

ea  "^ 

"^x 

Uate. 

Period. 

2  + 

13—    . 

a'3  « 

•il 

«  M»    . 

tn^ 

•O   q;  J, 

bjSyj^ 

bde 

1st      o-> 

I'aJ 

uj 

£-5§ 

ydro 
etc., 
or   1 

■ 

H 

H 

w 

M 

1898. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

(rraTTM. 

Orams. 

Jan  10-11 

12.2 

.4 

+1.8 
+2.6 

13.6 

—122.  4 

11-12 

do 

—41.1 

—  .4 

-43.3 

-389.  7 

12  13 

do 

-1-10.3 

.2 

+2.5 
+  1.7 

+  8.0 

+-  72.  0 

13-14 

do    

+  15.4 

.0 

+  13.7 

^  123.  3 

Total  4  days 

27.  6 

1  0 

+8.6 
+2.2 

35.2 

—316.8 

—  6.9 

—  .3 

—  8.8 

—  79.2 

Tahi-e  72. — Income  and  outgo  of  energy — Metabolism  experiment  No.  9. 


(a) 

(6) 

(c) 

(d) 

(e) 

(/) 

l9) 

(ft) 

(i) 

%-. 

<w 

%.. 

o 

o 

o 

e.St 

c  e   1 

o  n 

B^t? 

S  2 

_o 

.^ 

c 

<«  M, 

•s."^ 

tiT^ 

Date. 

Period. 

2a 

«<2 

h 

d  heat  c 
1  of  fat 
lest  (— ). 

feS  + 

2'a  >> 

1 

.S  «3 
E  5- 

li^ 

0^ 

III 

o 

•s 

u^ 

o 

« 

C3 

a 

■■£  H  ?„ 

Mn 

.5'^^ 

^ 

"S  +  « 

«  +« 

K'^    Ml 

01 

©>u  « 

w 

w 

K 

M 

» 

W 

A 

W 

w 

Oalo- 

Oato- 

Oalo- 

OoJo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

/•fr 

1898. 

net. 

Txea. 

nes. 

rte«. 

ries. 

ries. 

rie*. 

ries. 

cent. 

Jan.  10-11 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

2,717 

143 

152 

-28 

+  143 

2,307 

2,340 

+  39 

+  1.7 

11-12 

do 

2,717 

142 

160 

—35 

+  212 
+204 
+138 

2,238 
2,242 
2,302 

2,202 
2,302 
2,326 

+  24 
+  60 
+  24 

+  1.1 

12-13 

do 

2,717 

142 

143 

14 

+  2.7 

ia-14 

do 

2,717. 
10, 868 

142 

139 

—  4 

+  1.0 

Total,  4  daya  . . . 

5G9 

594 

-81 

+697 

9,089 

9, 236 

+  147 

Average,  1  day . . 

2,717 

142 

149 

—20 

+  174 

2,272 

2,309 

+  37 

■H  6 

The  average  daily  income  of  energy  in  this  experiment — 1.  e.,  the 
estimated  heat  of  crunbu.stion  of  material  actually  oxidized  in  the  body — 
averaged  -,272  calorics  i)er  day,  and  the  outgo — i.  e.,  the  beat  given  oil" 
from  the  body  and  measured — amounted  to  2,309  calories.  The  meas- 
ured outgo  was  tlius  1.0  pei-  cent  larger  tlian  tlie  theoretical  income. 

It  is  noticeable  tliat  with  (;hange  in  the  method  of  sampling  an  agree- 
ment of  income  and  outgo  is  closer  than  in  exi)eriments  Nos.  5  and  C, 
and,  furthermore,  that  the  measured  energy  of  outgo  slightly  exceeds 
the  theoretical  energy  of  income. 


99 

DETAILS    OF   EXPERIMENT   NO.  10. 

This  experiment  was  intended  to  be  a  dnplicate  as  nearly  as  practi- 
cable of  experiment  No.  9,  except  that  a  portion  of  the  fats  and  carbo- 
hydrates of  the  diet  sufficient  to  furnish  approximately  500  calorics  of 
energy  per  day  were  replaced  by  an  isodynamic  amount  of  alcohol. 
The  amount  of  protein  was  the  same  as  in  the  preceding  experiment. 

The  subject  entered  the  apparatus  on  the  evening  of  February  14, 
1898,  and  the  experiment  proper  began  at  the  usual  time,  7  o'clock  the 
next  morniug.  The  alcohol  was  the  same  in  kind  and  amount  and 
administered  in  the  same  way  as  iu  experiment  No.  7  (see  p.  61),  and 
the  experience  there  gained  was  used  to  advantage  in  improving  the 
arrangements  for  this  exi^eriment.  The  amount  of  alcohol  eliminated 
as  such  from  the  body  was  determined  by  the  method  described  on 
page  27,  with  results  as  shown  in  Table  83. 

The  daily  menu,  programme,  and  summary  of  the  diary  and  the 
determined  and  computed  results  of  income  and  outgo  are  shown  in 
Tables  73-83. 

Table  73. — Daihi  menu — Metabolism  experiment  JVo.  10. 


Menu. 

Grams. 

BREAKFAST. 

Bfif  fried 

120 

5 

160 

50 

50 
10 

Butter 

Bread     

175 

DINNEH. 

ncif   fried 

150 

5 

200 

Menu. 


DINNER — continued. 

Bread 

Coffee  and  alcobol 

SUPPER. 

Bread 

Wheat  breakfast  food 

Butter 

Skim  milk 

Ginger  snaps 

Sugar 

Coffee  and  alcohol 


Grams. 


50 
200 

25 
50 
5 

390 
60 
15 

200 


Besides  the  coffee  and  alcohol  consumed  at  the  regular  meals,  125 
^inms  Avas  consumed  in  the  middle  of  the  forenoon,  125  grams  in  the 
iiiddle  of  the  afternoon,  and  115  grams  just  before  retiring. 


Table  74. — Daily  programme — Metabolism  experiment  No.  10. 


7. (HI  a 

m  .. 

7.4?  ri 

Ill  .. 

0.30  a 

m  .. 

l.iiOi) 

m  . . 

1.30]. 

m  . . 

Bise,  pass  urine,  weigh  self  stripped,        3.30  p.  m  . 
collect  drip,  weigh  absorbers.  6.30  p.  m  . 

Breakfa.'^t  (including  175  grams  alco- 
hol and  coflee).  7.00  p.  m  . 

Drink  125  grams  alcohol  and  coflee. 

Pass  urine,  collect   drip,  weigh  ab-      10.00  p.  m  . 
sorbers. 

Dinner  (including  200  grams  alcohol 

and  coffee).  ||     1.00  a.m. 


Drink  125  grams  alcohol  and  coffee. 

Supper  (including  200  grams  alcohol 
and  coffee). 

Pass  urine,  collect  drip,  weigh  ab- 
sorbers. 

Drink  remainder  of  alcohol  and  coflee, 
weigh  self  stripped,  take  cap  off 
food  aperture,  retire. 

Pass  urine. 


I 


100 


Taulk  75. — Sammary  of  the  diuri/ — Mctaholixm  experiment  No.  10. 


Time. 


1898. 


Feb.  15, 

7.00  a. 

15, 

7.45  a. 

15, 

8.30  a. 

15, 

10.45  a. 

15, 

1.00  p. 

to. 

1.45  p. 

15, 

6.00  p. 

15, 

10.00  p. 

16, 

7.00  a. 

16, 

7.30  a. 

16, 

11.00  a. 

16, 

2.30  p. 

16, 

6.00  p. 

16, 

9.30  p. 

16, 

10.00  p. 

17. 

7.00  a. 

17, 

7.30  a. 

17, 11.00  a. 

17, 

2.30  p. 

17, 

6.00  p. 

17, 

9.30  p. 

17, 

10.00  p. 

18, 

7.00  a. 

18, 

7.30  a. 

18, 

11.00  a. 

18, 

2.30  p. 

18, 

6.00  p. 

18, 

9.30  p. 

18, 10.00  p. 

19, 

7.00  a. 

"Weight  of  subject. 


■Without 
clothes. 


"With 
clothes. 


Kilograms.  Kilograms. 

67.45  !  71.11 


C8.51 
67.87 


68.59 
67.81 


68.23 
67.52 


68.12 
07.  59 


Pulse 
rate  per 
minute. 


71.21 


Tempera- 
ture. 


°F. 


Hygrometer. 


Dry        "Wet 
bulb.      bulb. 


°0.     '     °C. 
21.5  16.6 


97.4 


21.5 


'      21.6 

98. 8  {      21.  5 
99.  0        21. 9 


96.8 
98.2 
99.0 
99.4 
99.0 


96.4 
98.8 
98.6 
98.4 
98.6 


21.7 
21.4 
21.6 
21.8 
21.7 


96.4  21.4 

98.  8  1  21.  5 

99. 0  21. 5 

99.0  I  21.5 

98.  el  21.  6 


21.5 
21.8 
21.5 
22.0 
22.2 


16.6 


16.8 
10.7 
17.2 


16.5 
16.2 
16.6 
17.0 
17.6 


1G.3 
16.4 
16.  6  j 
16.4 

16. 8  i 


16.2 
16.6 

16.8; 

17.C 
18. 0 


17.2 


101 

1  ABLE  7ti. —  TTeifiht,  composition,  and  heats  of  combustion  of  foods — Metabolism  experiment 

Xo.  10. 


2 

Food  material. 

1 
bo 

1 

'S 
I 

i 

t 

•a 
>, 
.a 

0 

■g 
O 

a 

1 

i 

.a 

3 
t 

W 

o  a 

u 

2839 
2840 

2841 
2842 

Beef 

"Wheat     break- 
fast food 

Ginger  snaps  ... 
Maize  breakfast 

Gram,s. 
270 

50 
60 

50 
15 
125 
750 
70 

Grams. 
182.5 

3.6 
2.6 

2.5 

Grams. 
73.4 

5.4 
3.5 

.=>.9 

Grams. 
8.9 

.7 
3.7 

4.1 

13.1 

.3 

.8 

Grams. 

39.7 
48.5 

36.7 

61.2 
41.3 
70.0 

Grams. 
11.72 

.88 
.  55 

.94 

.02 

1.66 

3.98 

Grams. 
44.04 

20.60 
25.67 

22.25 
9.66 
32.69 
31.13 
29.47 

Grams. 
6.32 

3.02 
3.88 

3.25 
1.50 
4.80 
4.58 
4.54 

Calories. 
490 

203 
255 

222 

2843 

Butter 

1.5            .1 

51.4         10.4 

678.  0         24. 8 

120 
319 

2S44 

Bread 

2816 

Skim  milk 

311 
277 

Total 

Alcohol 

Total 

1,390 
72.5 

922. 1       123. 5 

31.6 

297.4 
'  123. 0 

19.75 


215. 51 
37.79 

31.89 
9.52 

2,197 
512 

922.1       123.5         31.6       420.4 

19.75 

253. 30 

41.41 

2,709 

1  One  gram  alcohol  calculated  as  isodynamically  equivalent  to  1.7  grams  carbohydrates,  this  being  the 
ratio  of  the  heats  of  combustion  (4.1:7.1). 


Table  ll.—WeigM, 

composition,  and  heats   of  combustion  of  fresh  feces — Metabolism 
experiment  Xo.  10. 

r 

S 

"S 
o 
9^ 

"§ 

1 

o 

o 

a 
1 

a 

o 
.a 

a 

4) 

1 

■2-2 

a  a 

p  s 

e8  p 

2848 

Total,  4  days.... 
Average,  1  day.. 

Grams.  Grams. 
351  j     249.2 

87.  8  I      62.  3 

Grams. 

34.4 

8.6 

Grams. 

14.7 

3.7 

Gram,s.  i  Grams. 

35. 8         5. 51 

9.0         1.38 

Grams. 
47.18 
11.80 

Grams. 
6.39 
1.60 

Calories. 
508 
127 

102 


Tablk  78. — Amuuiits  and  compoaUion  of  urine — Meldholism  experiment  No.  10. 


Date. 


Period. 


1898. 
Feb.   15-16 


7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m. 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m . 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m . 
1  a.m.  to7  a.  in. 


Amount. 


Orams. 
203.6 
332.6 
370.1 
149.3 


Specific 
gravity. 


1.027 
1.029 
1.026 
1.028 


16-17 


Total 

Total  by  composite. . 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7p. m. tol  a.m 

'  1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 


1,  115.6 
1,115.6 


1.027 


17-18 


Total 

Total  by  composite. 


7  a.  m.  to  1  I),  m . 
1p.m.  to  7  p.m. 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.m. 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 


18-19 


l»-20 


Total 

Total  by  composite  . 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.  m 

7p.m. tol  a.m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a. m 


Total 

Total  by  composite.. 

Total,  4  days,  by  pe- 

liods 

Composite,  4  days  . . . 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1p.m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 


Total. 


20-21  7  a. m. to  1  p.m. 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m. 
7  p.  TO.  to  1  a.  m. 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m. 

Total 


276.6 
434.9 
4G8.3 
153.  0 


1.027 
1.024 
1.020 
1.027 


Nitrogen. 


Carbon. 


Per  cent. 
1.73 
1.78 
l.«l 

2.21 


Grams. 

4.5C 
5.92 
5.96 
3.  .30 


Per  cent.     Orams. 


1.76 


19.74 
19.03 


1.81 
1.53 
1.24 
2.03 


5.01 
C.65 

3.11 


1,332.8  ;. 
1,  332.  8  I 


1.023 


1.56 


20.58 
20.79 


14.28 


285.8 
433.1 
819.7 
163.5 


1.026 
1.018 
1.014 
1.024 


1.67 

1.12 

.85 

1.69 


4.77 
4.85 
6.97 

2.70 


1,702.1  1. 
1, 702. 1  I 


1.018 


1.15 


19.35  |. 
19.57  !- 


249.0 
452.2 
325.8 
166.4 


1.024 
1.021 
1.026 
1.024 


1.70 
1.29 
1.52 
1.85 


1,193.4    . 
1,193.4  i 


5, 343. 9 
5, 343.  9 

lils 

198. 8 
332.3 
279.0 


994.6 


220.5 
223.6 
389.4 
294.8 

1, 128.  3 


1.52 


4.23 
5.83 
4.95 
3.08 


18.09 
18.14 


1.45 

1.80 
1.80 
1.42 
1.40 


1.29 

1.20 

1.61 

.76 


77.70 
77.49 

^.32 
3.58 
4.72 
3.91 


15.53 

2.84 
2.68 
5.88 
2.24 

13.64 


103 

Table  78. — Amounts  and  compoaition  of  urine — Metaholism  experiment  No.  10 — Cont'd. 


Date. 

Period. 

WvflT 

Water. 

Heatsof  combustion. 

Per  gram. 

Total. 

1898. 
Feb.   15-i() 

Per  cent.     Orams. 

Per  cent. 

Orams. 

Caloiies. 

Oalorie.i. 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  lu 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

3.26 

1, 049.  8 

0.126 

140 

16-17 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.  m 

7p.  m.  tol  a.  m 

'"' 

Total 

3.40 

1,264.2 

.122 

162 



17-18 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

18-19 

Total 

3.19 

1,  637.  6 

Total  by  composite.. 

.087 

148 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7p.  m.  tol  a.  m 

i 

1 

Total 

2.98 

1, 133. 1 

Total  by  composite. . 

.116 

139 

Total,  4  days,  by  pe- 
riods   

1 

589 

Composite,  4  days  . . . 

0.24 

12.83 

95.15 

5,  084.  7 

.110 

.588 

104 

Tablk  79. — Comparison  of  residual  amonnia  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber 
at  the  beginning  and  end  of  each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism 
experiment  Xo.  10. 


End  of  period. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Water. 

Date. 

i 

Si 

a 

a 

*='   . 

^  a 

i 
1 

o 

Gain  (  +  )  or  loss  (— ) 
over  preceding  pe- 
riod. 

Total  am  ount  of  vapor 
remaining  iu  cham- 
ber. 

Gain  (+)  or  loss  {—) 
over  preeediug  pe- 
riod. 

=  + 

S  a 

9  to 

!=  It 
aSi 

.^.=  2 

^   U   fO 

bco  o 

o 

a) 

X: 
0 
2 

a 

.2 
A 

11 

HI 

1898. 
Feb    15-16 

7  a.  m 

1  p.  m 

Grams. 
23.9 
36.0 
39.6 
28.5 
26.0 

Grams. 

Grams. 
40.2 
41.9 
44.5 
48.8 
39.3 

Grams. 

Oram.s. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

+12.1 
+  3.6 
—11.1 
—  2.5 

+  1.7 
+  2.6 
+  4.3 
—  9.5 

+80 
+  15 
—13 
—13 

+  81.7 
+  17.6 

1  a.  m 

—  8.7 

—  22.5 

'j'oial       

+  2.1 

—    .9 

+69 

+  68.1 

1  p.  Ill 

16-17 

41.2 
42.5 
30.5 
24.3 

+  15.2 
+  1.3 
—12.0 
—  6.2 

41.9 
43.6 
50.8 
38.5 

+  2.6 
+  1.7 
+  7.2 
—12.3 

+  23 
+  2 

—  3 

—  4 

+  25.6 
+     3.7 

+     4.2 

—  16.3 

'I'otal 

—  1.7 

-    .8 

+  18 

+  17.2 

, 

17-18 

38.9 
43.7 
30.7 
24.5 

+14.6 
+  4.8 
—13.0 
—  6.2 

40.1 
43.4 
44.2 
37.5 

+  1.6 
+  3.3 

+    .8 
-  6.7 

+  9 
+  3 

+  10.6 

+     6.3 

—    6.2 

—  14.7 

Total 

+     .2 

—  1.0 

-3 

—    4.0 

18-19 

39.4 
43.2 
35.9 
26.3 

+14.9 
+  3.8 

-  7.3 

—  9.6 

43.7 
46.3 
49.0 
40.7 

+  6.2 
+  2.6 
+  3.3 
—  8.9 

+11 

!■: 

—10 

7 
G 
6 
G 

+  24.2 

+  24.0 

H-       .3 

—  (2.9 

Total 

+  1.8 

+  3.2 

+  8 

25 

+  30.2 

Total  for 4  days... 

+  2.4 

+    .6 

+92 

25 

+  117.5 

105 

Table  80. — Record  of  carbon  dioxid  in  ventilating  air  current—  Metabolism  experiment 

No.  10. 


Period. 

(a) 

bs 
a 

fl  a 

4)  O 

o  o 

a« 

I 

Carbon  dioxid  per  liter — 

(e) 

(/) 

P    . 

S  X 

u  p, 
.2-2 

6^ 

Corrected    weight  for 
carbon  dioxid  exhaled    g 
by  subject  (e+/).             """ 

(h) 

Date. 

(6) 

u 

01 

p 

a 

o 
o 

a 

a 

(c) 

(i 
"3 

a 

'a 

a 

O 

a 

M 

n 

30    3 

o  a 

6 

M 

a  . 

O  X 

— .  a 
o 

Total  weight  carbon 
exliahd  in  carbon  di- 
oxid (f/A  j^). 

1898. 

Feb.  15-16     7  a.  m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.m. to  7  p.m 

7  p.m. to  1  a. m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Liters. 
26, 823 
27,192 
27,  655 
27, 705 

Mg. 

0.610 
.567 
.547 
.569 

Mgs. 
8.349 
8.199 
7.972 
5.547 

Mgs.      Grams. 
7. 739       207. 6 
7.  632       207. 6 
7.425       205.2 
4.  978       137. 9 

Grams. 

+  12.1 
+  3.6 
— U.l 
—  2.5 

Grams. 
219.7 
211.2 
194.1 
135.4 

Grams. 
59.9 
57.6 
52.9 
37.0 

Total 

109,  375 

758.3 

210.7 
229.9 
211.8 
139.1 

+  2.1  i     760.4         207.4 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m 

7  p.m. to  1  a.m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a. m 

16-17 

26, 458 
26, 86(j 
27, 228 
27, 114 

.634 
.698 
.738 
.6,32 

8.  597       7.  963 

9.  255       8. 557 
8. 518       7. 780 
5.763  1     5.131 

+  15.2  1     225.9           61.6 
+  1.3       221.2           60.3 
—12.0       20X8           57.2 
—  6. 2  1     132.  9           36. 3 

Total 

107,  666 

791.5 

-  1  7 

789.8         215  4 

17-18 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

26,  986 
27, 254 
27,251 
27, 426 

.585 
.586 
.656 
.598 

8.689 
8.702 
8.471 
5.515 

8.104  1     218.7 
8.116       221.2 
7. 815  !     213.  0 
4.917       134.9 

+14.6 

+  4.8 
—13.0 
—  6.2 

233.3           63.6 
226.  0  '        61.  6 
200.  0           54.  6 
128.7           35.1 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

108, 917 

1 

787.8  ,   +     .2 

788.0  1       214.9 

1 

18-19 

27,  065 
27,  223 
27,  368 
27, 013 

.521 
.640 
.559 
.600 

8. 649       8. 128 
9. 06G       8. 426 
8. 860       8. 301 
5.  639       5.  039 

220.0  -1-14.9 
229. 4     +  3.  8 
227. 2     —  7. 3 

136. 1  —  9.  G 

234. 9 
233.2 
219.9 
126.5 

64.1 

63.6 
60.0 
34.5 

108,  669 

812.  7     +  1. 8 

814.5 

222.  2 

Total  for  4  days. 

434,  627 

3, 152. 7 

859.9 

106 

Table  81. — Record  of  water  in  ventilating  air  current — MetaboHavi  experiment  Xo.  10. 


Period. 

(a) 

Water  per  liter— 

(e) 

s  . 

to  tSi 

r-i    P 
O 

H 

(/) 

4> 
0) 

<a 

a 

T3 

a 
c 

p 

5 

H 

u  a 

.2  a 
Hi 

o 

(h) 

Date. 

a 

43 

« 

P| 

>  E 

■sS 
a« 

0 
> 

(6) 

'3 

.a 
i 

o 
a 

a 

M 

(0 

'5 
fct 

3 

1 

3 
O 

0 
H 

(d) 

=  1 

a  St 

i-i.S 

1 

o 
H 

1898. 
Feb.  15-16 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m 

7  p.m. to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.to7  a.  m 

Liters. 
26, 823 
27, 192 
27,  655 
27,  705 

Mg. 

0.848 
.772 
.750 
.718 

Mgs. 

1.446 

1.002 

.999 

.910 

Mg. 

0.598 
.230 
.249 
.192 

QraWiS. 
16.0 
6.3 
6.9 
5.3 

Qrami. 
216.0 
217.2 
227.2 
221.9 

Orams. 
+  81.7 
+  17.6 
-8.7 
—  22.5 

Chrams. 
313.7 
241.1 
225.4 
204.7 

Total 

1(19.  H75 

34.5 

882.  3 

+  68.1 

984.9 

1.025 
.974 
.996 
.919 

.268 
.196 
.208 
.226 

16-17 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  ru 

1  p.m.  tc  7  p.m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  to7  a.  m 

26, 458 
26, 866 

27.  228 
27,114 

.757 
.778 
.788 
.693 

7.1 
5.3 
5.7 
6.1 

198.3 
210.7 
238.4 
222.6 

+  25.6 
+     3.7 
+     4.2 
-  16.3 

231.0 
21!).  7 
248.3 
212.4 

Total 

107,660 

24.2 

870.0 

+  17.2 

911.4 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

17-18 

26, 986 

27,254 
27,  251 
27,  426 

.650 
.701 
.694 
.673 

1.035 
.996 

1.088 
.991 

.379 
.295 
.394 
.318 

10.2 
8.0 

10  7 
8.7 

205.5 
212.5 
218.9 
205.7 

+  10.6 
-f-     6.3 

—  6.2 

-  14.7 

226.3 
226.8 
223.4 
199.7 

Total 

108,  917 

27,065 
27,  223 
27,  368 
27,  013 

1 

37.6 

12.4 
8.3 

11.6 
6.5 

842.6 

202.7 
231.5 
252.9 
217.5 

—    4.0 

876.2 

.466 
.305 
.427 
.240 

ia-19     7  a.m.  to  1  p.m 

1p.m. to  7  p.m 

7  p.m. to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Totjil 

.711 

.757 
.738 
.748 

1.171 

1.062 

1.165 

.96 

+  24.2 
f  24.6 
+       .3 
—  12.9 

239.3 
264.4 
264.8 
211.1 

108, 669 

1 

38.8 

904.6 
M99T 

+  36.2 

979.6 

Total  tur  4  days 

1 

434,627 

1 

135.1 

+  117.5     3.762.1 

1 

107. 

Table  82. — Summary  of  calorimetric  measurcmenta — Metabolism  experiment  No.  10. 


Date. 

Period. 

(a) 

1 

(CO 
<B 

w 

Average  range  in  tem- 
perature  between   in-    ^ 
coming   and  outgoing    ^ 
water,  ti  to  tj. 

(c) 

tfH      i 

o*r 

o 

cS    _ 
»  »i 

si  a 

be 

o  a 

ta  g 

1= 

t% 
3 

(d) 

a 
u 
c 

II 

w 

(e) 

2 
s 
"S  . 

gg 

og 

o 

1898. 
Feb.   15-10 

Calories. 
478.0 
467.6 
448.4 

273.5 

Degrees. 
8. 65-12. 83 
7. 9^12. 68 
8. 20-13. 60 
r  9.  39-15. 25 
ill.  59-17. 01 

1. 0026 
1.0028 
1.0025 

}     1.0017 

Calories. 
479.2 
468.9 
449.5 

274.0 

T)egree». 
-1-0.15 

+1.05 

Total       

1, 667.  5 

1,671.6 

16-17 

513.6 
512.7 
463.2 
303.5 

7.82-12.01 
7. 23-12. 49 
8.  07-14.  00 
9. 65-15.  63 

1. 0030 
1.0031 
1. 0025 
1.0019 

515.1 
514.3 
464.4 
304.1 

—  .05 

+  .05 

.05 

—  .10 

Total 

1, 793. 0 

1,  797. 9 

17-18 

490.4 
514.5 
460.1 
295.2 

8. 19-12. 38 
7. 79-12.  53 
7.  99-13. 80 
10. 57-16.  59 

1.0028 
1. 0029 
1. 0025 
1.0015 

491.8 
516.0 
461.1 
295.6 

+  .20 
.10 

+  .05 

.00 

Total      

1,760.2 

1,  764.  5 

18-19 

480.7 
529.3 
468.9 
285.  8 

8.  28-13. 33 
8. 01-13. 93 
8. 19-13.  58 
10. 54-16.  53 

1. 0026 
1. 0025 
1.  0025 
1.  0015 

482.0 
530.6 
470.1 
286.2 

—  .05 

+  .05 

—  .10 

Total 

1, 764.  7 

1, 768. 9 

6,  985.  4 

7,  002. 9 

108 


Taiu.k  S2. — Summary  of  calori metric  measurements — ^[ctaholi8m  experiment  Xo.   10- 

Coutiuued. 


Date 

Period. 

Capacity    correction    of    q 
calorimeter  (eX60). 

Correction  due  to   tem-    ^ 

Serature  of  food  and    5 
ishes. 

Water  vaporized,  equals 
total  amount  exhaled     ^ 
less  amount  conden.sed     ■— 
in  chamber. 

Heat  used  in  vaporiza-     ^ 
tion  of  water  (AX. 592).      - 

Total    beat    determined     c; 
(d+f+g+i). 

1898. 
Feb.   15  16 

Calories. 

+  9.0 

Calories. 
+  3.7 
-  8.8 



Grams. 

233.7 
226.1 
238.4 
217.7 

Odtories. 

138.4 
133.8 

141.1 
128.9 

Calories. 
630.3 

593.9 

7  p.  ni.  to  1  a.  m 

+  3.0 

593.6 
402.9 

Total 

+  12.0 

—  5.1 

915.9 

542.2 

2,  220. 7 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total           

lft-17 

—  3.0 
+   3.0 

—  3.0 

—  6.0 

+  6.4 
—12.5 

208.0 
217.7 
251.3 
216.4 

123. 1 
128.9 
148.8 
128.1 

641.6 

633.  7 
610.2 



420.  2 

—  9.0 

—  6.1 

893.4 

528.9 

2,311.7 

7  a.  ni.  to  1  p.  Ill 

17-18 

+  12.0 

—  CO 

-I    3.0 

0 

+  0.9 
—  8.9 

217.3 
223.8 
229.4 

208.7 

128.6 
132.5 
135.8 
123.5 

033.3 
633.  6 

5'.)9  9 

419  1 

Total 

+  9.0 

—  8.0 

879.2 

520.4 

2, 285.  9 

18-19 

-  3.(. 

+  3.0 

—  6.0 

+  2.8 
—12.8 

221.3 
242.4 
267.8 
215.1 

131.0 
143.5 
158.6 
127.3 

612.8 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  ni 

7  p.  ni.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ni 

Total 

C01.3 
631.7 

407.  5 

—  6.0 

-10.0 

946.6 

560.4 

2,313.3 

+  6.0 

—29.2 

2,151.9 

9,131.6 

The  total  amount  of  alcohol  excreted  as  such  in  the  urine,  fi-eezer 
water,  and  in  tlie  air  current  i.s  shown  in  Table  83.  The  total  amount 
per  (lay  a.s  thu.s  estimated  was  1.1  ^lams,  of  which  0.1  gram  was  excreted 
in  tlie  urine,  1  gram  was  given  off  by  the  lungs  and  skin  and  lound  in 
the  air  current  and  freezer  water.  The  total  excretion  of  1.1  grams  is 
l.o  ]H'r  cent  of  the  total  amount  ingested.  As  stated  on  jiage  27,  we 
believe  that  this  is  in  excess  of  the  actual  amounts  of  alcohol  given  off 
from  the  body  unconsumed,  as  there  was  evidence  that  part  of  the 
material  here  reckom'd  as  alcoliol  given  oiV  from  the  body  inchided 
other  organic  compounds. 


109 


Tablk  8.3. — Alcohol  excreted  hy  the   lidneys  and  by  the  lunys — Metaholism  cxjierimeiv 

So.  10. 


Period. 

Alcohol. 

6 
a 
'u 

a 
o 

Found  in  respira- 
tory products. 

1 
2 

o 

o 

1 

Total  income. 

Date. 

i 

<B 

a 

M 

In  air  cur- 
rents. 

S 

5 

1898. 
Feb.   15  16 

Gram. 

0.05 

.08 

.22 

.11 

Gram. 
0.26 

6ram,s. 

n  71 

Grams. 
1.02 
1  n9. 

Grams. 
72.49 
72.49 
72.49 
72.49 

Grams. 
71  47 

16-17 

do 

.06              .88 

71  47 

17-18 
18-19 

do 

do 

Total 

.05             1.05  '          1.32 
.04  i            .80  i          1.01 

71.17 
71.48 

.46 

.41             S.  ."iO 

4.37 

289. 96 

285  59 

Tables  84-87  show  the  nitrogen,  carbou,  hydrogen,  protein,  fat,  water, 
and  energy  of  income  and  outgo  in  metabolism  experiment  No.  10. 

Table  84. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  10. 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

{a) 

(6) 

(c) 

(d) 

(e) 

(/) 

ig) 

(ft) 

(i) 

ik) 

Date. 

Period. 

'4 

I- 

o 

1 

i 

£ 

±1 

^ 

6 

i"? 

^1 

+i; 

TS 

c 

a 

(£    U 

=S 

a 

.5  1 

=2 

a» 

- 

a 

p 

a 

^ 

a 

a 

p 

oi 

M 

1— 1 

^ 

M 

^ 

1898. 

Gm«. 

Gms. 

Chrams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Gms. 

Gram^. 

Gms. 

Grams. 

Feb.  15-16 

7  a.  m.  to7  a.  m . 

19.7 

1.3 

19.7 

—1.3 

253.3 

11.8 

13.7 

207.4 

0.6 

-M9.8 

16-17 

do 

19.8 

1.4 

20.6 

—2.2 

253.3 

11.8 

14.3 

215.4 

.5 

.fll.3 

17-18 

do 

19.7 

1.4 

19.4 

—1.1 

253.3 

11.8 

13.4 

214.9 

.7 

+12.5 

18-19 

do 

Total,  4 days.. 

19.8 

1.4 

18.1 

+  .3 

253.3 

11.8 

12.6 

222.  2 

.5 

-f  6.2 

79.0 

5.5 

77.8 

—4.3 

1,013.2 

47.2 

54.0 

859.9 

2.3 

+49.8 

Average,  1  day 

19.8 

1.4 

19.5 

—1.1 

253.3 

11.8 

13.5 

215.0 

.5 

+12.4 

The  amounts  of  water  in  the  mixture  of  alcohol  and  coffee  infusion 
and  the  amount  of  drinking  water  consumed  each  day  during  this 
experiment  are  shown  in  the  following  table.  The  alcohol  mixture  was 
made  by  adding  to  815  grams  of  coffee  infusion  45  grams  of  sugar  and 


110 

80  grams  of  OO.fiT  per  cent  alcolinl,  making  a  total  of  040  grams  con- 
taining 822.5  grams  water: 

Record  of  drinking  water  and  coffee — Metabolism  experiment  No.  10. 


Feb.  15 . 
16  . 
17. 
18. 


Date. 


CofFee    jDrinking 
infusion,      water. 


Grams. 

Gramg. 

Grams. 

822.5 

200.0 

1,022."  5 

822.5 

200.0 

1, 022.  5 

822.5 

200.0 

1,  022.  5 

822.5 

200.0 

1,  0J2.  5 

Total 3,290.0 


Total 
drink. 


800.0         4,090.0 


Taule  85. — Income  and  out'jo  of  water  and  hydrogen — Metahollsm  experiment  Xo.  10. 


Water. 

(a) 

(6) 

(0 

(d) 

(e) 

(/» 

Dctf. 

Period. 

1 

a 

i 

6 

a 

•c 

ft 

s 

M 

" 

- 

M 

<t 

1898. 

Oramg. 

Grams. 

Gramt. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

JFeh.   15-16 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  Ill 

922.1 

1,022.5 

62.3 

1,049.8 

984.9 

—    152.4 

16-17 

do 

922.1 
922.1 
922.1 

1,  022.  5 
1,022.5 
1, 022. 5 

62.3 
62.3 
62.3 

1, 264. 2 
1,637.6 
1, 133. 1 

911.4 
876.2 
985.6 

—    293. 3 

17  18 

do          

-    C31.5 

18-19 

do 

Total,  4  days 

-    236.4 

3, 688. 4 

4,  090.  0 

2-19.2 

5,  084.  7 

3,  758. 1 

—1,313.6 

Average,  1  day 

922.1 

1,022.5 

62.3 

1, 271.  2 

939.5 

—    328.4 

• 

Hydrogen. 

iff)  . 

(A) 

(t) 

(t)  !    (I) 

{m) 

(n) 

J)aU\ 

Period. 

s 

a' 

1 

1 
a 

i 

a 

a 

A 

Grams. 

•a 
II 

A 

Apparent 
g-(h+i+ 

ac 
3 

a  ^ 

Is 

1808. 

Grams. 

Gramn. 

Grams.    Grams. 

&raint. 

Granu. 

Feb.   15-16 

7  a.m.  to  7  a.  in 

41.4 

1.6 

3.2 

0.2  !     +  36.4 

—  16.9 

+  19.5 

16-17 

do    

41.4 
41.4 
41.4 

1.0 
1.6 
1.6 

3.4 
3.2 
3.0 

.1        +36.3 
.2       +36.4 
.1       +36.7 

—  32.6 

—  70.2 

—  26.3 

+  3.7 

17-18 

do 

—33.8 

18-19 

do 

Total,  4  days 

+  10.4 

165.6 

6.4 

12.8 

.6        +145.8 

—146.  0 

—    .2 

Avcragf%  1  day 

».. 

1.6 

3.2 

.2       +  36.5 

—  36.5 

0 

Ill 


Table  86. 


-Gain  or  Josh  of  protein  (.Vx  i>.3'>),  f<it,  and  water — Metabolism  experiment 
So.  10. 


(a) 

(6) 

(c) 

(d) 

(e) 

(/) 

-d 

"^^T 

fl  «--.:. 

.-  fci 

ft-       • 

.2T 

e   1 

•ii 

■S°S 

2®~ 

+^ 

Date. 

Period. 

"s 

it 

B'- 

!-OJ 

5s  ° 

r^      1 

c  ^ 

exo 
o  .— 
-J3  + 

o  « 

gsi 

^1 

;2i 

P4 

H 

o 

o 

c^-S 

1898. 

Qramg. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grains. 

Feb.   15  16 

—1.3 

—  8.1 

-t-19.8 

—  4.3 

+24.1 

+  31.7 

16-17 

do 

—2.2 
—1.1 

—13.8 
—  6.9 

+  11.3 
+12.5 

—  7.3 

—  3.6 

-1-18.6 
+  16.1 

+24.4 

17-18 

do 

+21.3 

18-19 

do 

+  -3 

+  1.9 

+  6.2 

+  1.0 

+  5.2 

+  6.8 

Total  4  days .   ... 

4.3 

26.9 

+49.8 

—14.2 

+64.0 

+84.2 

Average,  1  day 

—1.1 

-6.7 

-1-12.5 

—  3.5 

+16.0 

+21.0 

(9) 

(ft) 

(i) 

(k) 

{I) 

. 

*=  t,   • 

..^ 

P  o 

2°-^ 

tli 

-^-^ 

M 

aTo 

Date. 

Period. 

O 

.S±x 

.a^l. 

.a     X 

P  c 

a     ^ 

0  d     •" 

ei    1 

C3  2^        1 

l&l 

III 

Sic  o  X 
2=-— T 

O  M.2 

'P.-^l 

-o  S  + 

H 

M 

W 

W 

1898. 

Gram*. 

Grams. 

(Jram*. 

Gram,s. 

Grams. 

Feb.  15-16 

7  a.  ni.  to  7  a.  m 

+  19.5 

-  .6 

+3.7 

+16.4 

-147.6 

16-17 

do 

+  3.7 
—33.8 
+  10.4 

.9 

+2.9 

+  1.7 

+  15.3 

17  18 

do 

—  .5 
+  .1 

+  2.5 
+  .8 

—35.8 
+  9.5 

—322.  2 

18-19 

do 

+  a5.5 

Total  4  days 

9 

1.9 

+9.9 

—  8.2 

—  73.8 

Average,  1  day 

"l 

—  .5 

-1-2.5 

—  2.0 

—  18.4 

112 


Table  87. — Income  and  outgo  of  energy — Metabolism  experiment  No.  10. 


(«) 

(6) 

(0 

(m) 

id) 

(e) 

(/) 

(s-) 

(h) 

(i) 

o 

cS 

i 

<D 

o 
o 

"3 

a  + 

±1 

±1 

Date. 

a 
o 

Is 

o 
H 

_o 

3 

.a 

c 

gl 

11 

§.9 

c3'S 

.9 

^^  ^    1 

.9 

'a 

a? 

^1 

Hi  ja 

.9  '^ 

a  S 

B 
o 
u 

o 

43 

£"5 

"-•   1 

.« 

s  'p 

o 
o 

c 
o 
o 

e 

eg- 

m 

Is  oe 
-1  ' 

1 

n3 

43" 

ta 

c« 

rt 

ce 

■■3-2  fe! 

ta 

S  fe  ^ 

S  o-* 

V 

o 

(S 

o 

n-w  o 

"S'C  ?3 

0? 

©  o  ^-^ 

0)  o  ^^ 

w 

w 

K 

w 

» 

n"" 

w 

w 

w 

w 

1898. 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

OaJo- 

Calo- 

OaJo- 

CaJo. 

Per 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

rte«. 

rif.'. 

cent. 

Feb 

15-16,  7  a.  TO. 

to7a.  m 

2,709 

127 

140 

7 

—  46 

+302 

2,179 

2,221 

+42 

+1.9 

16-17,  7  a.  m. 

to7a.  m 

2,709 

127 

162 

7 

-  78 

+233 

2,258 

2,312 

+  54 

+2.4 

17-18,7  a.  in. 

to7a.  m 

2,709 

127 

148 

9 

—  39 

+202 

2,262 

2,286 

+  24 

+  1.1 

18-19,  7a.m. 

to7a.m 

Total  for 

2,709 

127 

139 

7 

+  11 

+  65 

2,  .-iOO 

2,313 

—47 

—2.0 

4  days . . 

10,836 

508 

589 

30 

—152 

+802 

9,059 

9,132 

+73 

+  .8 

Average 

Iday... 

2,709 

127 

1 

147 

8 

—  38 

+  200 

2,  265 

2,283 

+  18 

+  .8 

The  average  daily  income  of  energy  in  this  experiment — i.  e,,  the 
estimated  heat  ol*  combustion  of  material  actually  oxidized  in  the  body — 
averaged  2,li(;5  calories  per  day;  and  the  outgo — i.  e.,  the  heat  given  off 
from  the  body  and  measured— amounted  to  2,283  calories.  The  meas- 
ured outgo  was  thus  0.8  per  cent  larger  than  the  theoretical  income. 
It  will  be  noticed  that  the  energy  of  income  and  of  outgo  were  practi- 
cally identical  with  those  in  the  preceding  experiment  (No.  0).  Here,  as 
in  experiment  No.  7,  the  alcohol  was  almost  completely  oxidized.  The 
kinetic  energy  resulting  from  that  oxidation  agrees  very  closely  with 
the  i)otential  energy  of  the  same  amount  of  alcohol  as  measured  by  its 
beat  of  combu-stion  as  determined  by  the  bomb  calorimeter,  and  the 
alcohol  served  to  i)rotect  body  protein  and  fat  from  oxidation  (seep.  74). 

Ah  the  results  of  other  exjjeriments  of  this  series  are  now  being  pre- 
pared for  ])ublication,  the  discussion  of  those  here  described  is  reserved 
until  the  data  of  a  larger  number  can  be  included. 


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